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Mīr-Āk̲h̲ūr

(2,088 words)

Author(s): Murphey, R.
(p.) In the Ottoman empire, the mīr-āk̲h̲ūr or Master of the Stables was the official given charge of all aspects relating to the supply and maintenance of the Ottoman sultan’s stables, the iṣṭabl-i ʿāmire . The wide-ranging services connected with the imperial stables were divided between two chief officials, the küčük mīr-āk̲h̲ūr or Master of the Lesser Stable, and the büyük mīr-āk̲h̲ūr or Master of the Great Stable, both of whom were high officers in the Palace Outer Service with the rank of Ag̲h̲as of the Stirrup ( rikāb ag̲h̲alari̊ ) (Gibb and Bowen, i, 82-…

Ṣubḥī Meḥmed

(700 words)

Author(s): Murphey, R.
Efendi (d. 1182/1769), Ottoman historian, best known under his pseudonym Ṣubḥī. He came from an established family in state bureaucratic service. His father, K̲h̲alīl Fehmī Efendi, as beylikd̲j̲i (head of the bureau of scribes of the Imperial Council) during the reign of Aḥmed III, saw to his son’s training from an early age to join the ranks of the secretarial class. Throughout his adult life, Ṣubḥī held a series of high-ranking positions in the state bureaucracy and his experiences in office greatl…

Woynuḳ

(742 words)

Author(s): Murphey, R.
(t.), a term of Ottoman military and administrative usage which denoted a particular category of troops amongst other Balkan Christian landholding or tax-exempt groups employed by the sultans to perform specific combat and other militarily-related tasks (for other groups, see eflāḳ and martolos). The term stems from the Slavonic root meaning “war”, “warrior”, which appears also in the office of Voywoda [ q.v.], likewise found in Ottoman usage. The woynuḳ s were especially useful to the sultans before the Ottoman state developed a fully-centra…

Sürgün

(667 words)

Author(s): Murphey, R.
(t., lit. “expulsion”), a term of Ottoman administrative and social policy. It encompasses a wide range of practices employed by the Ottomans, not just to remove dissident elements from politically troubled provinces, but also more constructively to achieve vital state-defined economic and military objectives. The term is better translated as population transfer or strategic resettlement, and its purpose was fundamentally different from the purely punitive sentence of internal exile or banishment ( nefy ) temporarily imposed on individual member…

Yemenli Ḥasan Pas̲h̲a

(631 words)

Author(s): Murphey, R.
(d. 1016/1607), Ottoman Turkish governor in the Yemen. In the absence of tribal consensus and an agreed successor to the Zaydī imāmate following the death of al-Muṭahhar [ q.v.] in 980/1572, the Ottomans were offered an unprecedented opportunity to extend their zone of influence beyond the Tihāma [ q.v.] into the Yemeni interior. Earlier Ottoman advances and the securing of Ṣanʿāʾ [ q.v.] in 954/1547 had still left large areas of the north including strongholds such as Kawkabān and T̲h̲ulā [ q.vv.] situated perilously close to the governor’s seat itself incompletely pacified…

Yeñi Čeri

(9,638 words)

Author(s): Murphey, R.
(t.), lit. “new troop”, a body of professional infantrymen of the Ottoman empire in its heyday. 1. Origins. The “new troop”, so-called not so much because of the novelty of the idea as because at the time of its introduction by the vizier K̲h̲ayr al-Dīn Pas̲h̲a [see d̲j̲andarli̊ ] in the 760s/1360s it opposed then-prevailing military traditions cherished by the frontier warriors. The predecessors of Murād I [ q.v.], rather than maintaining a standing army funded by the central fisc, had relied almost exclusively on the military services provided, on a voluntary …

Süleymān II

(795 words)

Author(s): Murphey, R.
, the twentieth Ottoman sultan (1099-1102/1687-91). Süleymān II’s succession to the throne came about in his middle age as the result of the forced abdication of his half-brother Meḥemmed IV [ q.v.] in 1099/1687. He inherited rule over an empire facing severe internal problems and external challenges. The financial position of the empire at This time (after four years of unremitting war with Austria) was dire and, according to the contemporary historian Mewḳūfātī, writing about the period just after Süleymān’s demise (see Bibl .), even during periods of p…

Warwarī ʿAlī Pas̲h̲a

(658 words)

Author(s): Murphey, R.
, Ottoman governor and commander, d. 1058/1648. He was a native of Warwar or Varvara (lat. 43° 49′ N., long. 17° 29′ E.) in Bosnia. Details of his career in state service in the first four decades of the 17th century are provided by the Pas̲h̲a himself in his versified memoirs ( sar gud̲h̲as̲h̲t ). Some of the high points, as he relates them, include his participation in Murād IV’s campaign against Eriwan in 1045/1635 as dümdar (commander of the army’s rear flank), in which he received a cash bonus for exceptional service of four purses (160,000 aḳčes ) of silver ( Memoirs ,…

ʿUlūfe

(703 words)

Author(s): Murphey, R.
(a., t.), a term of Ottoman financial and military organisation. The Ottoman military classes can be divided, according to methods used for their remuneration, into two broad categories: possessors of dirlik [ q.v.] residing in the provinces who received land grants with revenues expressed as an annual sum; and members of the imperial household ( ḳapu ḳulu [see g̲h̲ulām. iv; Ḳul ]. The latters’ wages ( ʿulūfe < ʿalaf "provender or grain rations for mounts") were denominated as a daily amount ( yewmiyye ) and distributed according to three-monthly pay peri…

Milḥ

(3,767 words)

Author(s): Sadan, J. | Dietrich, A. | Murphey, R.
(a.), salt. 1. In the mediaeval Islamic world. In pre-Islamic times, the ancient Arabs were already familiar with salt and used it, not only for seasoning their food but also in certain rites, e.g. for the oath which cemented an alliance, made around a fire (al-D̲j̲āḥiẓ, Ḥayawān , iv, 472-3; Ibn Ḳutayba, ʿUyūn , iii, 39; al-Nad̲j̲īramī, Aymān , 1924, 30-1; al-Rāg̲h̲ib al-Iṣfahānī, Muḥāḍarāt , ii, 623; al-Marzūḳī, Amkina , ii, 155; cf. T. Fahd, Le feu chez les anciens Arabes , in Le feu dans le Proche-Orient antique, Leiden 1973, 61). But it appears that certain tribes were not able…

Maʿdin

(33,280 words)

Author(s): Ashtor, E. | Hassan, A.Y. al- | Hill, D.R. | Murphey, R. | Baer, Eva
(a.), "mine, ore, mineral, metal". In modern Arabic, the word mand̲j̲am denotes "mine", while muʿaddin means "miner" and d̲j̲amād is a mineral. In the vast Islamic empire, minerals played an important part. There was a great need for gold, silver and copper for the minting of coins and other uses. Iron ore was indispensable for the manufacture ¶ of iron and steel for arms and implements. Other minerals such as mercury, salt and alum, as well as pearls and precious stones, were necessary for everyday life. The empire was richly endowed with the various…