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Uhr

(1,461 words)

Author(s): Dohrn-van Rossum, Gerhard | Popplow, Marcus
1. AllgemeinNeben den Sonnenuhren, Sand- oder Wasseruhren entwickelte sich die sog. mechanische Räderuhr im Verlauf der Nz. zum primären Hilfsmittel der Zeitmessung. Seit dem Beginn des 2. Jt.s wurden einfache, in zentraleurop. Klöstern genutzte Wasseruhren mit wassergetriebenen Weck- und Läutvorrichtungen versehen. Die daraus im späten 13. Jh. hervorgegangene »Erfindung« der mechanischen Uhrwerkhemmung ist bislang nicht genau lokalisier- und datierbar [2. 49–120]. Sie wurde zunächst in Turmuhren sowie großen astronomischen U. in Kirchenbauten eingesetz…
Date: 2019-11-19

Clockmaker

(1,538 words)

Author(s): Dohrn-van Rossum, Gerhard | Popplow, Marcus
1. IntroductionAfter the invention of the mechanical wheel clock in the Late Middle Ages, the first church tower clocks and astronomical display clocks began to be made, initially by traveling specialists. As smaller mechanisms began to be attainable from the 15th/16th centuries, so new markets developed. The clockmaker now joined the metalworking urban guild of crafts and trades as a profession. Because of the central function of the clock in status consumption (cf. Clock 2.), clockmakers were f…
Date: 2019-10-14

Clock

(1,651 words)

Author(s): Dohrn-van Rossum, Gerhard | Popplow, Marcus
1. IntroductionThrough the early modern period, so-called mechanical wheel clocks developed alongside sundials and sand or water clocks to become the primary instrument of chronometry. Simple water clocks with water-driven functions for waking and ringing the hours had been used in monasteries in Central Europe since the 11th century. As yet, it has not been possible to pinpoint the location or date of the consequent 13th-century “invention” of the mechanical clockwork escapement [2. 49–120]. It was installed initially in clock towers and large astronomical clocks…
Date: 2019-10-14

Technology transfer

(6,131 words)

Author(s): Hausberger, Bernd | Popplow, Marcus | Reith, Reinhold
1. Terminology In the early modern period, the communication of technological knowledge and skills took place in a variety of contexts. Initially it involved training or collaboration in households, firms, or institutions; this is called vertical transfer. At the same time, technological knowledge and skills were disseminated horizontally from region to region, between politically defined territories, and on a global scale even between continents. Such technology transfer could be activ…
Date: 2022-11-07

Maschine

(7,738 words)

Author(s): Popplow, Marcus | Pichol, Karl | Reith, Reinhold | Mende, Michael
1. AllgemeinM. kamen in Europa schon lange vor der Industrialisierung zum Einsatz. Die Verbreitung der Wassermühle reicht bis in die Antike zurück, und zu Beginn der Nz. arbeiteten in Europa zehntausende Mühlen, die neben dem Mahlen von Getreide auch andere grobe Arbeiten wie das Zerkleinern z. B. von Rinde für das Gerben (Lederproduktion) oder das Stampfen der Bestandteile des Schießpulvers leisteten. Bis weit ins 19. Jh. hinein wurden solche M., zu denen auch Kräne (Hebevorrichtungen) und Wasserhebewerke (Wasserkünste) zu r…
Date: 2019-11-19

Machine

(8,634 words)

Author(s): Popplow, Marcus | Pichol, Karl | Reith, Reinhold | Mende, Michael
1. General remarksMachines were in use in Europe long before industrialization. The watermill was in widespread use going back to antiquity, and there were tens of thousands of working mills in Europe at the beginning of the modern era, including mills for grain and for other rough work like crushing, for example of hides for tanning (Leather production), or for pounding the components of gunpowder. Machines of this sort, along with cranes (Lifting apparatus) and pumping stations (Water and the ar…
Date: 2019-10-14
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