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[German Version] The Islamic Republic of Mauritania (area 1,026,000 km2; approx. 3.365 million inhabitants, 99% of whom are Muslims and roughly 0.5% Roman Catholic Christians) has been a sovereign state with a (formal) parliamentary presidential system since Nov 28, 1960. The French name Mauritanie, which is derived from the Latin name of the Roman province of Mauretania (Land of the dark-skinned), replaced commonly used territorial self-designations such as bilād aš-Šanāqiṭa (Land of the people of Šinqīṭ) or bilād al-bīḍān (Land of the white). Geographically as well as in ter…

[German Version] I. Religious Studies – II. Bible – III. Missiology – IV. Judaism – V. Islam I. Religious Studies The term “circumcision” refers collectively to a variety of operations performed on the sexual organs of children and young people: for males, it includes circumcision proper (removal of the foreskin) and incision (slicing of the foreskin), as well as subincision (splitting of the urethra), monorchy (removal of one testicle), and piercing of the penis; for females, it in…