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Industrial policy
(3,462 words)
1. DefinitionIndustrial policy refers to all measures taken by those in authority to project and promote industrial trades and crafts. Industrial policymakers included states and state confederacies, but also cities and leagues of cities. There were three distinct forms of early modern industrial policy: (1) rules and regulations establishing access to the marketplace, business operations, and supervision of business operations. 19th-century industrial regulations, in Prussia (1845) and the North…
Date:
2019-10-14
Industrial trades and crafts
(7,208 words)
1. DefinitionThe terms
industry,
trades, and
crafts have different connotations in scholarly and in everyday language.Most European languages other than German maintain a narrower distinction between crafts and trades and other professional activities. This can especially be seen in Romance languages (Ital.
artigianato and
mestiere, French
métier). The English terms
trade and
craft differentiate distribution and manufacture. Scandinavian languages put professional activity and industrial work together (e.g.
näring and
yrke in Swedish).In German,
industry,
trades…
Date:
2019-10-14
Mining town
(842 words)
In European urban historiography, the term
mining town is used in two senses. (1) In the broader functional sense, it denotes a town characterized primarily by the mining and processing of ores or other mineral deposits. Mining could also transform existing towns, especially in the case of black coal mining, for example in England and Germany (especially in the 18th century). (2) There is also a narrower, legal definition of a mining town (14th through 17th centuries): in contrast to the surrounding r…
Date:
2020-04-06
