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, the geographical denotation of the Southeast Asian islands stretching from Sumatra to Timor and the Aru islands, first introduced by the Portuguese; divided in the Greater and Smaller Sunda Islands, the latter—and those dealt with here—beginning with Bali and stretching to the East. The name originates from Sunda or Pasundan (= West Java), and the Straits of Sunda between Java and Sumatra. In Indonesian, the Smaller Sunda Islands are called the Nusa Tenggara (Southeastern Islands). While Bali maintained its predominantly Hindu character and only in its Western parts e…

( Madjelis Sjuro Indonesia , “Consultative Council of Indonesian Muslims”), the name of two different Indonesian Islamic organisations: (a) during the Japanese occupation of Indonesia 1942-5, and (b) in independent Indonesia. (a) During the Japanese occupation. The Japanese Military Government, during the first stage of its occupation of Indonesia after 1 March 1942, tried to mobilise the Islamic groups for its anti-Western political and military aims. Most of the Islamic leaders had, in different degrees, opposed actively Du…

, a city in Central Java, Indonesia, pop. 511, 585 (1988), formerly also the name of a Javanese kingdom. Originally, the whole area was part of the kingdom of Mataram, with its capitals Yogyakarta (since 1582) and Kartasura (since 1677/80), in which Islam was accepted as official religion, but with both Hindu-Javanese and Javanese-monistic traditions functioning as well as ideology legitimating the rule of the dynasty. After a rebellion against the strong economic and political influence of t…

, a sub-district ( kecamatan ) of the regency ( kabupaten ) of Pontianak, situated in the south of the delta of the Great Kapuas river, in the Indonesian province of Western Kalimantan in Borneo [ q.v, in Suppl.]. In 1971 it had 16,031 inhabitants, among them 643 foreigners, most of them Chinese. The scattered population is mainly of mixed Arab, Buginese, or Malay origin, besides the Chinese and few Dayaks. Since 1955, the Indonesian government has tried to open some areas for Javanese immigrants. The family which ruled this area until 1958 was of Arab descent originating from Ḥ…

, the most northerly one of a chain of volcanic islands west of Halmahera, in northeastern Indonesia. On it is located the chef-lieu of the Kabupaten (residency) Maluku Utara (Northern Moluccas). The island has a population of 78,000, most original Ternateans being Muslim, but a number of newcomers (officials, teachers, service personnel, etc. from neighbouring islands) are Christians. Its area is 64.39 km2. Known in older times for its spices, especially nutmegs and cloves, Ternate had once been a member of the “alliance of the four [volcanic] mountains”, besides Tidore [ q.v.], Jail…

, since 1972 renamed “Ujung Pandang” with reference to one of its oldest quarters around the harbour, is the capital of the Indonesian Province of Sulawesi Selatan (South Celebes). It has 434,168 inhabitants, among them 332,618 Muslims. After World War II, Makassar was the capital of the Dutch-sponsored East Indonesian State (until 1950). It still remains the dominant cultural, administrative, economic and traffic centre in East Indonesia, its population comprising notable minorities of Torajas, Menadonese, Ambonese, Timorese, etc. Its name “Makassar” originates from the …

, an island north of East Java, separated from Java by a narrow strait in the north of Surabaya; it is 2,113 sq. miles in area, and has 2,385,300 inhabitants, among them 2,378,047 Muslims (1971). It is divided into four kabupatens (regencies): Pamekasan, Sampang, Sumenep (Sungenep) and Bangkalan, all of them being districts in the Indonesian province of East Java. In the course of history, many of the Madurese settled in adjacent areas of East Java, or participated in the government-sponsored transmigration programme to other islands. The Madurese langua…

, the name of a city in central Java, Indonesia, capital of the former sultanate and present-day Special District of Yogyakarta. Inhabitants (in 2002): ca. 448,760 (city) or ca. 3,068,000 (whole district). Together with the city and area of Surakarta [ q.v.] it was formerly part of the kingdom of Mataram [ q.v.] located in the southern parts of central Java. The first kraton (palace) of Mataram was built in 1582 in Kuţa Gĕdé, a present suburb of Yogyakarta, by Kyai Gĕdé Pamanahan. After his death in 1584 his son took over the kraton and military installations and was recognized by Sulta…

, Soekarno , the first President of the independent Republic of Indonesia [ q.v.] from 1945 to 1967 (b. 6 June 1901, d. 21 June 1970). His father, Raden Sukemi, came from lower Javanese nobility and worked as a teacher and civil servant, while his mother originated from a Balinese brāhmaṇa family but was excluded after her marriage to her Muslim husband. Sukarno’s name in his childhood was Kusno. Later his father renamed him Sukarno, referring to the hero Adipati Karno in the Hindu epic Mahābhārata . Already as a small boy, while living with his grandfather in a village, he paid more attention to w…

(1)—(6): See Vol. II, 142-58. (7) —Indonesia. The classical Malay chronicles are not very eloquent about matters of taxes and tolls, and the collections of undang-undang, or laws, are more concerned with court rituals than with legal or fiscal questions. More materials are available for the tax regulations under the Dutch administration. Thus F. de Haan’s eminent work on Priangan . De Preanger Regentschappen onder het Nederlandsch Bestuur tot 1811, 4 vols., Batavia-The Hague 1911 ff., contains a lot of valuable information. But with regard to the Islamic kingdoms…

, a sultanate on the northern coast of Kalimantan (Borneo [ q.v.]), 5,765 sq. km. (2,226 sq. miles) in area with ca. 145,000 inhabitants. The capital is Bandar Seri Begawan (before 1970 called Bandar Brunei or Brunei Town), with ca. 45,000 inhabitants. Its principal landmark is the great Mesjid Omar Ali Saifuddin, built after World War II. Since the 6th century A.D., trade relations existed with China. Occasionally tribute was paid, not only to China but also to Buddhist Sri Vijaya (South Sumatra) and Majapahit (Java), where it was mentioned among other Bornean tributaries in ca. 1365. The …

, a small volcanic island to the west of Halmahera belonging to the North Moluccan islands, now in northeastern Indonesia, part of the Administrative District of Halmahera Tengah (Central Halmahera) and administered as a kecamatan . Its ca. 38,000 inhabitants are mostly Muslims. In the 13th century, the kolano or king of Tidore started to extend his kingdom, thus initiating continuous conflict with neighbouring Ternate [ q.v.]. These two islands formed part of the original “Spice Islands”, the home of cloves and nutmegs. Around 1430, a Muslim trader, called ac…

, the capital city of the province of Sumatera Selatan (South Sumatra) in Indonesia, situated on the shores of the Musi river. It lies in long. 104° 45′ E. and lat. 2° 59′ S., and has a population of ca. 790,000 (1990), of whom some 85% are Muslims. The area of Palembang, united with neighbouring Malayu (Jambi), was the centre of the (Mahayana-) Buddhist empire of Sri Vid̲j̲aya (4th-14th centuries A.D.), renowned especially in the 8th-10th centuries for its famous study centres for Buddhism and Sanskrit. After the 11th century, tantric Kāla-Č…

(a.), a word which is originally an abstract noun meaning “power, authority”, but which by the 4th/10th century often passes to the meaning “holder of power, authority”. It could then be used for provincial and even quite petty rulers who had assumed de facto power alongside the caliph, but in the 5th/11th century was especially used by the dominant power in the central lands of the former caliphate, the Great Sald̲j̲ūḳs [see sald̲j̲ūḳids. II, III.l], who initially overshadowed the ʿAbbāsids of Bag̲h̲dād. In the Perso-Turkish and Indo-Muslim worlds especially, the feminine form sulṭāna…

, formerly Celebes [ q.v.], sometimes Selebessi, derived from sula besi, iron knife or kris (?), one of the four biggest islands in Indonesia, stretching from 4° N. to 7° S. and 118° to 126° E. The island consists of four major peninsulas, linked together by a central part. Administratively, it is divided into four provinces: South, Southeast, Central and North Sulawesi. Its population comprises a number of ethnically and linguistically quite different tribes. While the seven tribes of M…

, now a kabupaten (regency) in the Indonesian province of Kalimantan Timur (East K.) [see borneo in Suppl.] which stretches along the Mahakam river. It covers 40,000 km.2 and has 250,492 inhabitants, among them 137,229 Muslims (1971). It is rich in oilfields (near Balik Papan), gold, and timber. The population consists of: Kutainese, probably originally Malays who immigrated as pagans, and whose Malay language now bears the influence of Javanese, Buguinese and Banjarese; Buginese, from South Sulawesi, and especially from the old kingdom of Wa…

, an island belonging to the Indonesian province of the Western Smaller Sunda Islands ( Nusa Tenggara Barat ). In the west it is separated from Bali by the Bali Strait, in the east by the Alas Strait from Sumbawa. It is some 4,670 sq. km. in area, and has approximately 1,850,000 inhabitants. There are extreme differences of climate between the humid western and the more arid southern and eastern parts of the island. Mount Rinjani (3,730 m.) is one of the highest mountains in South-East Asia.…

, a large island (area 292,000 sq. miles/755,000 km2) straddling the equator in the Indonesian archipelago, and mainly covered with tropical rain forest. The spinal range of mountains rises to 13,455 ft/4,100 m. in Mount Kinabalu in the northeastern tip of the island. Politically, the greater part of the island has since 1949 formed the Indonesian region of Kalimantan (a name which Indonesia also applies to the whole island); along the northern coast lie Sabah, the former British crown colony of British…

, the name of an area in central Java where two kingdoms have developed. ¶ 1. The first kingdom bearing this name was founded by Sanjaya, who is recorded to have erected a linga in “Kunjarakunya”. The inscription commemorating this event, written in Sanskrit in A.D. 732, was found in a Shaivite sanctuary at Changgal. Some time later, the Mahayana-Buddhist Shailendra appear as dominating dynasty of Mataram, and Sanjaya’s successors submitted to them. The Shailendras probably came to central Java after the f…

, Pulau Kalimantan , or Klemantan , one of the pre-colonial names of the island of Borneo [ q.v. in Suppl.], one of the larger Sunda Islands in present-day Indonesia and Malaysia. The name is officially used in Indonesia for the whole island, whereas in Malaysia the term Borneo, derived by the Portuguese from the name of the old and once powerful sultanate of Brunei [ q.v. in Suppl.] in the north, is still in use. About three-quarters of the island is part of the Indonesian Republic, being divided into four provinces: West, Central, South and East Kalimantan. …