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, (b. 18 June 1863 in Bag̲h̲dād, d. 23 February 1936), neo-classical poet and eminent representative of the Nahḍa [ q.v.] in ʿIrāḳ. A son of the Kurdish élite family of al-Bābān from Sulaymāniyya [ q.v.]—his father Muḥammad Fayḍī was Muftī of Bag̲h̲dād and his mother of Kurdish upperclass origin also—he spent his childhood with his mother, who lived separately from his father. At about 7 years old he became his father’s pupil in traditional Arabic learning at a time when modern-type Arabic schools did not exist i…

[German Version] I. Religious Studies Traditionally research on religion has rarely dealt with women. Exceptions include Moriz Winternitz ( Die Frau in den indischen Religionen, 1915–1916) and F. Heiler ( Die Frau in den Religionen der Menschheit, 1977). In the 1970s, gender studies introduced a broad paradigm shift, which also affected religious studies. The principle that has guided this change from the traditional approach is that homo religiosus is not coincident with vir religiosus but equally has to include femina religiosa. The various questions can be assigned to th…