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1. DefinitionThe term “architectural sculpture” is not used consistently. Sometimes, it is used as a synonym for architectural “plastic arts,” to include all sculpted and molded works forming part of a building  (Sculpture [subtractive]; Sculpture [modeling]). More usually, however, it does not imply all of them (which for the early modern period, as Quatremère de Quincy already pointed out in 1832, would include every carved block of stone [3]), but only the figural sculptures (usually in stone or stucco, more rarely metal, wood, terracotta) made or requisi…

1. Definition and methodological approachesThe word  spolia goes back to Latin  spoliare (plunder, strip) and  spolium (the arms of a slain foe taken as a trophy). The modern use of the word, documented since approximately 1500, denotes the secondary incorporation of translocated workpieces from antiquity into post-classical buildings. It presupposes a normative meaning of classical antiquity, which could be “plundered” by spoliation, and referred initially to the use of classical art or architectural units …

1. Kitchen gardens and ornamental gardens 1.1. General developmentThe English term “garden” is is a medieval borrowing from French, which in turn takes the word from Old Frankish. Like the native English equivalent, “yard”, it ultimately derives from Proto-Germanic *gardaz, which denotes an enclosed courtyard.. Gardens provide space for crop plants and ornamental plants (Plants, ornamental) that are in need of special protection, for example non-native plants or cultivated forms that are competitively weak. Gardens can be designed in a more or less artistic way.In the Middle A…