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, son of the caliph ʿUmar II. In the year 126/744 ʿAbd Allāh was appointed governor of ʿIrāḳ by Yazīd III, but in a short time aroused the discontent of the Syrian chiefs in that place, who felt that they were unfavorably treated by the new governor compared with the inhabitants of ʿIrāḳ. After the accession of Marwān II, ʿAbd Allāh b. Muʿāwiya [ q.v.], a descendant of ʿAlī’s brother Ḏj̲aʿfar, rebelled in Kūfa in Muḥarram 127/Oct. 744, but was expelled by ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿUmar, whereupon he transferred his propaganda to other parts. When Marwān transferred to …

b. maʿrūr , a Companion of the Prophet. Among the seventy-five proselytes who appeared at the ʿAḳaba in the summer of 622 at the pilgrims’ festival to enter into alliance with the Prophet, the aged S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ al-Barāʾ b. Maʿrūr of Ḵh̲azrad̲j̲ was one of the most important, and when Muḥammad declared he wished to make a compact with them that they should protect him as they would their wives and children, al-Barāʾ seized his hand, promised him protection in the name of all pre…

b. ʿAffān , governor, son of the third caliph. His mother was called Umm ʿAmr bint Ḏj̲undab b. ʿAmr al-Dawsiyya. Abān accompanied ʿĀʾis̲h̲a at the battle of the Camel in Ḏj̲umāda I 36/Nov. 656; on the battle terminating otherwise than was expected, he was one of the first to run away. On the whole, he does not seem to have been of any political importance. The caliph ʿAbd al-Malik b. Marwān appointed him as governor of Madīna. He occupied this position for seven years; he was then dismissed and his place was taken by His̲h̲ām b. Ismāʿīl. Abān owes his celebrity not so ¶ much to his activity as an…

, Muḥammad b. Ilden̄iz , Nuṣrat al-Dīn , Atābeg of Ād̲h̲arbāyd̲j̲ān in the later 6th/12th century. His father Ildeñiz [ q.v.] had in course of time risen to be the real ruler in the Sald̲j̲ūḳ empire; the widow of Sultan Ṭog̲h̲ri̊l [ q.v.] was Pahlawān’s mother and Arslān b. Ṭog̲h̲ri̊l [ q.v.] his step-brother. In the fighting between Ildeñiz and the lord of Marāg̲h̲a, Ibn Aḳsunḳur al-Aḥmadīlī, Pahlawān played a prominent part [see marāg̲h̲a ]. From his father he inherited in 568/1172-3 Arrān, Ād̲h̲arbāyd̲j̲ān, al-D̲j̲ibāl, Hamad̲h̲ān, Iṣfahān and…

b. Manṣūr b. Dubays b. ʿAlī b. Mazyad , Sayf al-Dawla Abu ’l-Ḥasan al-Asadī , ruler of al-Ḥilla of the Arab line of Mazyadids [see mazyad , banū ]. After the death of his father in 479/1086-7, Ṣadaḳa was recognised by the Sald̲j̲ūḳ sultan Malik S̲h̲āh as lord of the territory on the left bank of the Tigris. During the fighting between sultan Berk-yaruḳ and his brother Muḥammad, Ṣadaḳa was at first on the side of the former, but when Berkyaruḳ’s vizier, al-Aʿazz Abu ’l-Maḥāsin al-Dihistānī, demanded a large sum of money fro…

b. Abī Ṭālib , nephew of the caliph ʿAlī. ʿAbd Allāh’s father had gone over to Islam very early, and took part in the emigration of the first believers to Abyssinia, where, according to the common belief, ʿAbd Allāh was born. On his mother’s side he was a brother of Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr; the mother’s name was Asmāʾ bint ʿUmays al-Ḵh̲at̲h̲ʿamiyya. After some years the father returned to Medīna taking his son with him. ʿAbd Allāh became known chiefly on account of his great generosity, and received the honorific surname of Baḥr al-Ḏj̲ūd , "the Ocean of Generosity". He…

b. al-Ḥakam , Abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, son of the first Marwānid caliph by a slave mother, hence half-brother to the caliph ʿAbd al-Malik [ q.v.], Umayyad commander and governor. In 65/684-5, he was sent by his father to al-D̲j̲azīra, probably with the aim of securing Armenia once more, and in the battle of Dayr al-D̲j̲āt̲h̲alīḳ in 72/691 in which ʿAbd al-Malik defeated Muṣʿab b. al-Zubayr, he commanded the advanced guard of the Syrian army. In the following year, ʿAbd al-Malik gave him the governorship of al-D̲j̲azīra and Armen…

b. al-Ḥasan , chief of the ʿAlids. ʿAbd Allāh was treated with great favour by the caliphs of the Umayyad dynasty, and when he visited the first ʿAbbāsid caliph Abu ʿl-ʿAbbās al-Saffāḥ at Anbār, the latter received him with great distinction. Thence he returned to Medīna, where he soon fell under the suspicion of the successor of al-Saffāḥ, al-Manṣūr. Yet ʿAbd Allāh owed his misfortune not so much to himself as to his two sons Mụḥammad and Ibrāhīm. Al-Manṣūr began to suspect them in 136/754, when …

b. ʿAlī b. ʿAbd Allāh , brother of the caliphs Abu l-ʿAbbās al-Saffāḥ and Abū Ḏj̲āʿfar al-Manṣūr. ʿAbbās helped to retake Malaṭya in 139/756, and three years later was appointed by al-Manṣūr as governor of al-Ḏj̲azīra and the neighbouring frontier district. He was dismissed in 155/772, but his name continues to figure frequently in the history of the following years, however little important his political part may have been. He especially and often distinguished himself in the wars against the Byzant…

, Abū Aḥmad ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Mustanṣir , the last ʿAbbāsid caliph of Bag̲h̲dād (640-56/1247-58), born in 609/1212-13. After the death of his father in D̲j̲umādā I or II 640/November-December 1242, he was raised to the caliphal throne, but he had neither the talent nor the strength to avert the catastrophe threatening from the Mongols; he allowed himself to be guided by bad counsellors who were not agreed among themselves but working against one another. In 683/1255-6, the Mongol K̲h̲ān Hūlagū [ q.v.] demanded that the Muslim rulers should make war on the Ismāʿīlīs of Alamūt. …

b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Ṭāhir D̲h̲i ’l-Yamīnayn , last Ṭāhirid governor of K̲h̲urāsān. After the death of his father, Muḥammad received the governorship of K̲h̲urāsān (Rad̲j̲ab 248/September 862). In 250/864-5 the ʿAlid al-Ḥasan b. Zayd rebelled in Ṭabaristān, which led to a long and serious struggle [see muḥammad b. ʿabd allāh ]. When ʿAbd Allāh al-Sid̲j̲zī rebelled against Yaʿḳūb b. al-Layt̲h̲ al-Ṣaffār of Sīstān, and appealed for help to Muḥammad, who appointed him governor of al-Ṭabasayn and Ḳuhistān, Yaʿḳūb found a welcome pretext to invade K̲h̲ur…

, Umayyad governor and general. Governor of Mecca when Yazīd b. Muʿāwiya came to the throne (60/680), he was the same year appointed governor of Medina. On Yazīd’s orders, he sent an army to Mecca to subdue the anti-Caliph ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Zubayr, and entrusted the command to a brother of the latter, ʿAmr; but ʿAmr was taken prisoner and, with his brother’s consent, flogged to death by his personal enemies. At the end of the following year, al-As̲h̲daḳ was dismissed. Later he went with the Calip…

b. Muṭīʿ, one of the leaders of the insurrection against the caliph Yazīd I, and later governor of the opposing caliph ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Zubair. On account of the increasing discontent with the Umaiyad rule after the accession of Yazīd I, ʿAbd Allāh intended to leave Medina, but was persuaded by ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿOmar [q. v.] to remain in the town. When the inhabitants of Medina shortly afterwards revolted against the new caliph, they gave the goverment to ʿAbd Allāh b. Ḥanẓala; with him, however, th…

, Abū Manṣūr Muḥammad b. al-Muʿtaḍid, ʿAbbāsid Caliph. While his brother al-Muḳtadir was still reigning he was proclaimed Caliph under the name al-Ḳāhir, but was deposed again in a few days. After the death of al-Muḳtadir the Amīr al-Umarāʾ Muʾnis proposed al-Muḳtadir’s son Aḥmad, afterwards the Caliph al-Rāḍī as successor; instead of him, however, al-Ḳāhir at the age of 35 was proclaimed Commander of the Faithful (end of S̲h̲awwāl 320 = Nov. 1, 932). Although he wished to be regarded as devout and j…

, Abū Mūsā, p. 481a, l. 63. The traditional statement that the court of arbitration met on Ramaḍān 37 at Dūmat al-Ḏj̲andal is undoubtedly wrong. According to Ṭabarī, i. 334017 the arbitrators were, it is true, to meet there in Ramaḍān but from the next page l. 11, it is evident that they were empowered, if they did not appear, to meet in Ad̲h̲ruḥ in the following year. The court was actually held at the latter place [cf. ad̲h̲ruḥ]; on the other hand, statements vary regarding the month in which this momentous event took place. According to Wāḳidī in Ṭabarī, i. 33605 and 34072, the meeting took pl…

al-Anṣārī, governor of al-Kūfa and Ḥimṣ. According to some Muslim authorities, al-Nuʿmān was the first anṣārī to be born after the Hid̲j̲ra. His father Bas̲h̲īr b. Saʿd [q. v.] was one of the most distinguished of the Companions of the Prophet, and his mother, ʿAmra bint Rawāḥa, was the sister of the much respected ʿAbd Allāh b. Rawāḥa [q. v.]. After the assassination of ʿOt̲h̲mān, Nuʿmān, who was devoted to him, refused to pay homage to ʿAlī. According to some stories which seem rather apocryphal, he brought …

bi ’llāh, Abū Muḥammad ʿAlī b. Aḥmad, ʿAbbāsid caliph, son of al-Muʿtaḍid and a Turkish slave girl named Čiček (Arabic Ḏj̲īd̲j̲ak). In 281 (894—895) he was appointed by his father governor of al-Raiy and several towns in the neighbourhood, and five years later he was made governor of Mesopotamia and took up his quarters in al-Raḳḳa. After the death of al-Muʿtaḍid on 22nd Rabīʿ II, 289 (April 5, 902), he ascended the throne and at once won the good-will of the people by his liberality and by destroying the subterranean dungeons in the capital. He proved a b…

b. Sahl b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Sarak̲h̲sī, one of al-Maʾmūn’s governors. Like his brother, al-Faḍl b. Sahl, al-Ḥasan was originally a fire-worshipper; but the two adopted Islām. In 196 = : 811-812, when al-Maʾmūn entrusted the administration of the eastern provinces to al-Faḍl with almost unlimited power, he appointed al-Ḥasan minister of finance. After al-Amīn’s ¶ assassination in 198 = 813, he was appointed governor of Arabia and the ʿIrāḳ through his brother’s influence, while the Caliph himself stayed in Merv. But al-Ḥasan, as a Persian, was unable t…

Cf. further Caetani and Gabrieli, Onomasticon Arabicum, ii. 982. (K. V. Zetterstéen)

, Abū Muḥammad al-Ḥasan b. Muḥammad, a vizier of Muʿizz al-Dawla. He belonged to Baṣra and was born in Muḥarram 291 (= Dec. 903). In 334 (945) when Muʿizz al-Dawla was marching on Bag̲h̲dād, he sent him in advance to negotiate with the Caliph and on Ḏj̲umādā I, 27, 339 (= Nov. 950) al-Muhallabī was appointed vizier. He was given the supreme command in the war with ʿImrān b. S̲h̲āhīn [cf. muʿizz al-dawla] and had brought him into a very precarious position when he himself fell into an ambush and could only save himself with difficulty, whereupon Muʿizz al-Dawla had t…