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[German version] Original Germanic can be reconstructed from the individual Germanic languages (GL). Like Latin and Greek, it belongs to the group of  Centum languages within the genetically related  Indo-European languages (e.g. Lat. fer-o, Greek φέρ-ω; phérō, ‘carry, bear’, Gothic baír-an ‘carry, give birth to’, Old High German ber-an ‘give birth to’). The transition to proto-Germanic as a preliminary stage of the individual GL was probably completed around the middle of the 1st millennium BC. Proto-Germanic ( c. 500 BC until the birth of Christ) differs from other Ind…

(ὁ Ἔρυξ/ ho Éryx, Lat. Eryx, Erucus, Erycus). [German version] [1] Mountain in western Sicily High, isolated mountain in western Sicily (751 m), now Monte San Giuliano. Settled even in prehistoric times, with a famous sanctuary to the probably Phoenician goddess of E., identified as Aphrodite by the Greeks, later (Thuc. 6,2,3) became a polis of the  Elymaeans. The attempt by Dorieus to establish a Greek colony (around 510 BC) ended in his destruction by the Phoenicians and the Elymaeans of Segesta (Hdt. 5,43-4…

(τριετηρίς, trietērís, feminine adjective). Literally 'third-yearly', i.e. occurring every third year, according to the modern way of counting 'every two years'. [German version] [1] (t. periodos) see Chronography trietērìs períodos (τ. περίοδος, 'intercalation cycle') see Chronography. Ziegler, Konrat (Göttingen) [German version] [2] Biennial festival trietērìs heortḗ, (τ. ἑορτή). A festival with games taking place every two years, e.g. the Isthmia, the Nemea [3], the Eleusinia and the Nicephoria for Athena in Pergamum. Ziegler Bibliography K. Hanell, s. v. T. (1), R…

[German version] (Κριμισός). River in West Sicily ( Crinis(s)us, Verg. Aen. 5,38; Crinisos, Vibius Sequester 1,44), at which  Timoleon defeated the Carthaginians in 340/339 BC (Plut. Timoleon 25 with Diod. Sic. 19,2,8). Also, one of the rivers in Segesta (Fiume Freddo, Belice destro, Belice sinistro) as is suggested by the legend that the river god C. begat  Aegestus with the Trojan woman Egesta (Verg. Aen. 5,36ff.). On coins from Segesta C. appears as a dog; a human representation is also known (Ael. VH 2,33), cf. [1]. Manganaro, Giacomo (Sant' Agata li Battiata) Ziegler, Konrat (Gött…

[German version] (Κάμικος; Kámikos). Town (and river) near  Acragas on Sicily. According to legend (Diod. Sic. 4,78f.), it was there that  Daedalus built a rocky fortress for the Sicanian king Cocalus, on whose orders Minos was murdered there, when the latter demanded that Daedalus be extradited. Cretans were supposedly directed by the gods to send an expeditionary force to Sicily, and for five years laid siege to C. without success (Soph. Kamikoi, fr. 300-304). In 476/5 BC, relatives of Theron of Acragas rose in rebellion against the tyrant and settled in C. (schol. …

[German version] The Gothic language, the sole representative of the eastern Germanic group within the  Germanic languages together with Crimean Gothic [6], is only known from a few testimonials in the language itself. The most important text ─ recorded in  Gothic script ─ is  Ulfila's translation of the Bible (NT, 4th cent. AD, [7]). Some additional linguistic monuments of the Gothic language are only extant in parts [7. 456-487]. Furthermore, there is evidence of Gothic names passed down to us in a secondary manner, e.g. Visigot(h)ae, -i and Austro-, Ostrogot(h)ae, -i (usually rep…

(Μαρσύας; Marsýas). …

(literally 'rod'). [German version] [1] Weaving device (κερκίς/ kerkís). In weaving (Textiles, production of), the device with which the weft thread was introduced to the opened 'compartment', and hence by which the threads of the chain were separated, was probably originally an elongated rod around which the weft thread was wound. Later, the weaving shuttle, which adopted the name, was used for this. The coil loca…

Ziegler, Sabine (Würzburg) [German version] A. The Political and Geographical Situation (CT) Of the Celtic languages (CL) only the so-called insular CL have survived to the present day: Irish (or Irish Gaelic), Gaelic (or Scots Gaelic), Welsh (Cymric) and Breton. In the Republic of Ireland Irish [13; 15; 16] has had since 1937 - alongside English - the status of an official language, but it is increasingly giving way to English [17]. In the census of 1981 around 58,000 Irish people claimed to be able to spe…

(Κολοφῶν; Kolophôn). …

[German version] The Celtic languages (CL) belong to the group of  Centum languages within the  Indo-European languages. The hypothesis that the preliminary phases of the Italic and the Celtic language branch form a unit was long disputed. For morphological reasons in particular (common innovations exclusive to Celtic and Italic), early Italic-Celtic language unity is, however, probable [1]. The CL are usually subdivided in two regards. a) Purely geographical classification as ‘mainland Celtic’ and ‘island Celtic’ without reference to differences or common fe…

[German version] Town on the Sicilian south coast 20 km southeast of Marsala at the mouth of the river of the same name, modern Mazara del Vallo, probably a Phoenician foundation. After the foundation of Selinus, the Mazara river was the border to Motya (later Lilybaeum) and Segesta and was therefore much disputed. In 409 BC, the town was conquered by Hannibal [1] on the march to Selinus (Diod. Sic. 13,54,6), and early in the First Punic War it was destroyed by the Romans (23,9,4) but continued to…

[German version] Lepontic, also called Ligurian by some [1. 43], is a Celtic language documented in a small area around Lago Maggiore and Lago di Como. It has been connected with the Golasecca culture [2. 224; 3. 30; 6. 312]. The c. 60 known Lepontic linguistic monuments [1. 44f.; 4; 5] are written in the northern Etruscan alphabet ( Italy, alphabetical scripts) and come from a period from the 6th/5th to about the 3rd-1st cent. BC. They are primarily funerary inscriptions, as well as a few dedicatory inscriptions and coin legends. The …

[German version] The oldest Irish writings were recorded in Ogam script and are therefore called Ogam inscriptions. According to Irish tradition, the indigenous term ogam…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Sicily | Theatre | Christianity | | Coloniae | Natural catastrophes (Κατάνη; Katánē, Lat. Catina). City on the east coast of Sicily on the fertile plain south of the volcano Mount  Etna [1], modern Catania; it was founded in 729 BC by Chalcidians who had some years previously settled in Naxos. In the 2nd half of the 6th cent., the lawgiver  Charondas was active in C; the town was visited by  Ibycus and  Xenophanes;  Stesichorus died there. In the 1st half of the 5th cent.,…

[German version] (Κεφαλοίδιον, Κεφαλοιδίς; Kephaloídion, Kephaloidís, Cephaloedium). Town on a cape of the northern coast of Sicily, modern Cefalù, repeatedly mentioned in conjunction with  Dionysius [1] I and  Agathocles [2] (Diod. Sic. 14,56,2; 78,7; 20,56,3; 77,3), captured by the Romans in 254 BC during the First Punic War (Diod. Sic. 23,18,3), subsequently a …

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Dark Ages | Ionic | Colonization | Persian Wars | Delian League | Aegean Koine | Education / Culture (Κλαζομεναί; Klazomenaí). Ionian town in Lydia on the south shore of the Gulf of Smyrna, near modern Urla, founded by  Colophon, assaulted by  Alyattes (Hdt. 1,16). For fear of the Persians, it relocated to the offshore island, which Alexander the Great later linked to the mainland by a causeway (Paus. 7,3,8f.). Clazomenae had a treasury in Delphi, was a me…

[German version] [1] Daughter of Creon (Μεγάρα/ Megára, Μεγάρη/ Megárē). Daughter of Creon [1] of Thebes, wife of Heracles [1] (Hom. Od. 11,269-270), who had received her hand in thanks for the liberation of Thebes from tribute to Erginus, and mother of some of the Heraclidae. Whereas the Thebans according to Paus. 9,11,2 tell of the insane Heracles' infanticide (on his insanity Cypria p. 40,28f. PEG) as nothing other than what Stesichorus (= 230 PMGF) and Panyassis (= fr. 1 PEG) relate, the version of P…

(Κολοφῶν). [English version] [1] Stadt in Lydia Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Achaimenidai | Attisch-Delischer Seebund | Bildung | Kolonisation | Pergamon | Perserkriege Ion. Stadt (Strab. 14,1,3-5; Paus. 7,3,1-4) in Lydia, ca. 13 km nördl. vom Hafen Notion. Ruinen (Akropolis, Theater, Thermen) beim h. Değirmendere. Zeitweilig in Fehde mit den lyd. Königen, genoß K. im 7./6. Jh.v.Chr. großen Wohlstand (Aristot. pol. 4,1290 b 15) und war wegen “Üppigkeit” verrufen (Athen. 12,524b; 526a mit Xenophan. fr.…

(Μαρσύας). [English version] [1] phryg. Flußgott und Schutzgottheit von Kelainai Phrygischer Flußgott und Schutzgottheit von Kelainai, dargestellt als Satyr oder Silen. Der Name ist aus einem im kleinasiatisch-syr. Raum mehrfach vorkommenden Toponym abgeleitet; auch der Fluß, an dessen Quelle Kelainai liegt, trägt diesen Namen (M. [5]). M. galt als Entdecker des Flötenspiels ( aulós), Erfinder der Binde, die beim Flötespielen verwendet wurde ( phorbeiá) und von Liedern zur Verehrung der Göttin Kybele. Dem Mythos zufolge ist die Möglichkeit, mit einer Flöte …