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Sedlnitzki

(171 words)

Author(s): Wassilowsky, Günther
[English Version] von Choltitz, Leopold Graf v. (29.7.1787 Geppersdorf – 25.3.1871 Berlin), aus mährisch-schlesischem Adel. Nach Positionen sowohl in der Bistumsverwaltung als auch in der staatl. Schulbehörde auf Betreiben der preußischen Regierung 1835 zum Fürstbf. von Breslau gewählt, 1836 geweiht. Zur Konfrontation mit dem Diözesanklerus und mit Rom führte seine Haltung im Preußischen Kirchenstreit, in dem der staatskirchl. wie ökum. Gesinnte an der bisherigen Praxis festhalten und gemischt konfes…

Pius X.

(888 words)

Author(s): Wassilowsky, Günther
[English Version] Pius X., Papst 4.8.1903–28.8.1914 (Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto, geb. 2.6.1835 Riese, Treviso). Unter Hinweis auf die während des Pontifikates durchgeführten zahlreichen innerkirchl. Reformen gilt P. einerseits als ein (freilich konservativer) Reformpapst, der sich durch persönliche Tugenden und einen ernsten Willen zu rel. Vertiefung auszeichnete. Schwerwiegende diplomatische Fehlgriffe auf polit. Terrain und die Krise des röm.-kath. Antimodernismus, die unter P. ihren Höhepunkt err…

Pius XII.

(1,403 words)

Author(s): Wassilowsky, Günther
[English Version] Pius XII., Papst 2.3.1939 – 9.10.1958 (Eugenio Pacelli, geb. 2.3.1876 Rom, gest. in Castel Gandolfo). Nach mehr als 2 Jh. erhielt die Stadt Rom wieder einen gebürtigen Römer als Bischof – und Papst. Pacelli wuchs in einer dem Papsttum aufs engste verbundenen Juristenfamilie auf. Das Beziehungsnetz, in dem Großvater und Vater als Beamte an der Kurie standen, verschaffte dem begabten Jungen von Kindesbeinen an karrierewirksame Förderung. Bis zur Priesterweihe 1899 studierte er an de…

Schmaus

(186 words)

Author(s): Wassilowsky, Günther
[English Version] Schmaus, Michael (17.7.1897 Oberbaar – 8.12.1993 Gauting), kath. Dogmatiker. Nach Promotion (Die psychologische Trinitätslehre des hl. Augustinus, 1927, 21967) und Habil. Prof. in Prag (ab 1929), Münster (ab 1933), München (1946–1965); Gründer des nach seinem Lehrer M. Grabmann benannten Münchner »Institut zur Erforschung der ma. Theol. und Philos.« (1954). Bereits seine monumentale, mehrmals überarbeitete, breitenwirksame »Kath. Dogmatik« (1938–1941, 61960–1964) setzte sich von der zeitgenössischen Neuscholastik durch dezidiertes Bem…

Schwarzenberg

(98 words)

Author(s): Wassilowsky, Günther
[English Version] Schwarzenberg, Friedrich Fürst zu (6.4.1809 Wien – 27.3.1885 ebd.), aus böhmischem Hochadel, 1836 Erzbf. von Salzburg, 1842 Kardinal, 1850 Erzbf. von Prag, wo er sich im Nationalitätenkampf um Ausgleich bemühte. Sch. sympathisierte mit der geistigen Offenheit und den kirchl. Reformideen von A. Günther und war gegen die neuscholastische Monopolisierung der Theol. Von Anfang an weniger ultramontan geprägt, wurde er auf dem Vaticanum I zu einem Führer der Minorität (Papsttum: III., 4.). Günther Wassilowsky Bibliography E. Gatz (Hg.), Die Bfe. der deut…

Pius XI.

(1,476 words)

Author(s): Wassilowsky, Günther
[English Version] Pius XI., Papst 6.2.1922–10.2.1939 (Achille Ratti, geb. 31.5.1857 Desio bei Monza). Einer lombardischen Familie aus dem bürgerlich-mittelständischen Milieu entstammend, führte Ratti das Theologiestudium über Mailand ins Lombardische Kolleg nach Rom, wo er die Universitäten der Jesuiten und Dominikaner besuchte. Nach Priesterweihe (1879) und Doktoratsstudium kehrte er 25jährig ans Mailänder Seminar zurück, um dort für fünf Jahre Dogmatik und Homiletik zu unterrichten. 1888 in das D…

Wessenberg

(437 words)

Author(s): Wassilowsky, Günther
[English Version] Wessenberg, Ignaz Heinrich v. (4.11.1774 Dresden – 9.8.1860 Konstanz), den Bildungsidealen kath. Aufklärung (: II.,4., f) verpflichteter Pastoralreformer. Gemäß reichskirchl. Karrieremuster wurde der für die geistl. Laufbahn destinierte Sohn einer Breisgauer Adelsfamilie schon 1785 mit niederen Weihen ausgestattet und 1791/92 als Domherr bepfründet. Intellektuell prägend wirkten während des Studiums in Dillingen (ab 1792), Würzburg (ab 1794) und Wien (ab 1796) die Begegnungen mit J.…

Scheeben

(288 words)

Author(s): Wassilowsky, Günther
[English Version] Scheeben, Matthias Joseph (1.3.1835 Meckenheim bei Bonn – 21.7.1888 Köln), kath. Dogmatiker, im Urteil von K. Barth »auf dt. Gebiet sicher der größte, den die röm.-kath. Kirche in der Neuzeit hervorgebracht hat« (E. Busch, Karl Barths Lebenslauf, 1975, 428). Während seines Studiums an der Gregoriana (1852–1859) erhielt Sch.s. Theol. durch Vertreter der »Röm. Schule« (Carlo Passaglia u.a.) ihre antirationalistische (gegen A. Günther und G. Hermes), die Übernatürlichkeit des Glaubens…

Pius XII, Pope

(1,668 words)

Author(s): Wassilowsky, Günther
[German Version] (Pope Mar 2, 1939 – Oct 9, 1958; Eugenio Pacelli, born Mar 2, 1876, Rome, died in Castel Gandolfo). After more than two centuries the city of Rome once again had a native Roman as its bishop – and pope. Pacelli grew up in a family of jurisprudents closely connected with the papacy. The network of relationships within which his grandfather and father served as curial officials secured the talented young man effective career promotion from an early age. Before ordination to the prie…

Pius X, Pope (Saint)

(1,020 words)

Author(s): Wassilowsky, Günther
[German Version] (Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto; born Jun 2, 1835, Riese, Trevisio; pope Aug 4, 1903 – Aug 28, 1914). On the basis of the many internal reforms accomplished during his pontificate, Pius X must be considered a reforming pope (albeit conservative), distinguished for his personal virtues and a serious desire for greater religious depth. At the same time, severe diplomatic blunders in the political sphere and the crisis of Roman Catholic antimodernism, which reached its peak during his pon…

Pius XI, Pope

(1,698 words)

Author(s): Wassilowsky, Günther
[German Version] (Pope Feb 6, 1922 – Feb 10, 1939; Achille Ratti, born May 31, 1857, Desio, near Monza), son of a middle-class Lombard family, Ratti began his theological studies in Milan, then entered the Lombard College in Rome, where he attended the universities of the Jesuits and Dominicans. After ordination to the priesthood (1879) and doctoral study, he returned the Milan seminary at the age of 25, where he taught dogmatic theology and homiletics for four years. Accepted in 1888 into the doc…

Wessenberg, Ignaz Heinrich von

(549 words)

Author(s): Wassilowsky, Günther
[German Version] (Nov 4, 1774, Dresden – Aug 9, 1860, Constance), pastoral reformer committed to the cultural ideals of the Catholic ¶ Enlightenment (II, 4.f). Wessenberg was the son of an aristocratic Breisgau family, destined for a career in the church. As was standard practice in the church within the Empire, he was admitted to minor orders in 1785 and assigned a living as a cathedral canon in 1791/1792. During studies at Dillingen (from 1792), Würzburg (from 1794), and Vienna (from 1796), he ca…

Mausbach, Joseph

(298 words)

Author(s): Wassilowsky, Günther
[German Version] (Feb 7, 1861, Wipperfeld – Jan 31, 1931, Ahrweiler), Catholic moral theologian. From 1892, he was professor of moral theology and apologetics in Münster. In an autobiographical sketch (in: E. Stange, ed., Die Religionswissenschaft der Gegenwart in Selbstdarstellungen, 1927, 57–89) Mausbach mentions four emphases in his life: (1) in the context of his teaching and publishing activity, he argued against the casuistic method and for a stronger theological approach to his field. Through the integration of biblical, ascet…

Schwarzenberg, Friedrich

(114 words)

Author(s): Wassilowsky, Günther
[German Version] (Apr 6, 1809, Vienna – Mar 27, 1885, Vienna), of Bohemian high nobility, 1836 archbishop of Saltzburg, 1842 cardinal, 1850 archbishop of Prague, where he was involved in the struggle of the nationalities for equality in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Schwarzenberg was sympathetic to the intellectual openness of A. Günther and his ideas on church reform; he also opposed the monopolization of theology by Neoscholasticism. From the outset less disposed toward Ultramontanism than many, at Vatican I he became a leader of the minority (Papacy: III, 4). Günther Wassilowsky Bi…

John XXIII, Pope

(457 words)

Author(s): Wassilowsky, Günther
[German Version] (pope Oct 28, 1958 – Jun 3, 1963; Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli, b. Nov 25, 1881, Sotto il Monte, near Bergamo), came from a large farming family. After studying in Bergamo and Rome and being ordained priest in 1904, Roncalli was, until 1914, secretary to his local bishop G. Radini Tedeschi, who ¶ remained his pastoral model for the rest of his life. During these years, Roncalli also began his work in church history, including the edition of the visitation documents of C. Borromeo. Although Roncalli rendered political service to the Vat…

Scheeben, Matthias Joseph

(360 words)

Author(s): Wassilowsky, Günther
[German Version] (Mar 1, 1835, Meckenheim, near Bonn – Jul 21, 1888, Cologne), Catholic dogmatic theologian, in the judgment of K. Barth “the greatest the Roman Catholic Church has produced on German soil in the modern era” (E. Busch, Karl Barths Lebenslauf, 1975, 428; ET: Karl Barth: His Life from Letters and Autobiographical Texts, 1976). While he was studying at the Gregorianum (1852–1859), Scheeben’s theology was given its anti-rationalist bent (against A. Günther and G. Hermes) – emphasizing the supernatural character of the act of faith and …

Leo XIII, Pope

(485 words)

Author(s): Wassilowsky, Günther
[German Version] (Vincenzo Gioacchino Pecci, born Aug 2, 1810, Carpineto; pope Feb 20, 1878 – Jul 20, 1903). In the history of the papacy, Leo will be remembered above all as a political realist and the author of the first official Catholic social ethics (Catholic social teaching); his international diplomacy earned him his reputation as “the most significant pope of the 19th century” (Schwaiger). In the wake of the intransigent opposition of his predecessor Pius IX to the states that had emerged …

Schmaus, Michael

(219 words)

Author(s): Wassilowsky, Günther
[German Version] (Jul 17, 1897, Oberbaar – Dec 8, 1993, Gauting), Catholic theologian. After receiving his doctorate ( Die psychologische Trinitätslehre des heiligen Augustinus, 1927, 21967) and habilitation, he taught in Prague (from 1929), Münster (from 1933), and Munich (1946–1965); in Munich he founded the Grabmann Institute (named after his teacher, M. Grabmann) for the study of medieval theology and philosophy in 1954. His monumental, widely influential Katholische Dogmatik (1938–1941; several revisions, 61960–1964) set itself apart from contemporary Neoschola…

Jaeger, Lorenz

(204 words)

Author(s): Wassilowsky, Günther
[German Version] (Sep 23, 1892, Halle an der Saale – Apr 1, 1975, Paderborn), since 1941 archbishop of Paderborn, was named cardinal in 1965, and retired from office in 1973. Jaeger's significance urging the Catholic Church's participation in the ecumenical movement is undisputed. Two institutions trace their foundation essentially to him. In 1946, together with W. Stählin, Jaeger initiated the Ökumenischer Arbeitskreis evangelischer und katholischer Theologen (ÖAK) and, in 1957, the Johann Adam M…

Sedlnitzki, Leopold, Count von

(204 words)

Author(s): Wassilowsky, Günther
[German Version] (Jul 29, 1787, Geppersdorf [Linhartovy] – Mar 25, 1871, Berlin), of Moravian-Silesian nobility. After holding positions in both the bishopric and the state school system, at the instigation of the Prussian government he was elected prince bishop of Breslau in 1835 and was consecrated in 1836. His stance in the Prussian Church Dispute led to a confrontation with the diocesan clergy and with Rome: Sedlnitzki, an ecumenically minded supporter of the state church, wanted to maintain t…
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