Baron Boris Nolde, le Keywords: International trade | Treaties | Mots clefs: Commerce international | Traités | ABSTRACT Boris Nolde begins his course on the Law and the Technique of Commercial Treaties with a history of commercial treaties, from the Middle Ages to Post First World War period. The author then studies the form of commercial treaties and the contracting parties in commercial treaties. The author also focuses on customs territories, the merchant, freedom of trade, conventional customs tariffs, the m…

Mestre, Achille Keywords: Treaties | International law and domestic law | Mots clefs: Traités | Droit international et droit interne | ABSTRACT In this course, Achille Mestre discusses some aspects of the question of the relationship between treaties and domestic law, and, mainly from the point of view of French public law, examines what positive solutions have been given to the question of the powers of the national judge with respect to treaties. The author examines the following questions: under what conditions ca…

Ray, Jean Keywords: Treaties | Public international law | Revision | Mots clefs: Traités | Droit international public | Révision | ABSTRACT History and especially the history of our time, presents to us a large number of cases in which certain clauses of treaties have been attacked, by a State related by them, in the name of certain principles of international law. In order to study this issue, Jean Ray starts with a study of certain diplomatic procedures related to the Oriental issue. He then studies a few affairs b…

Lauterpacht, H. Keywords: Treaties | Preparatory work | Interpretation | Mots clefs: Traités | Travaux préparatoires | Interprétation | ABSTRACT H. Lauterpacht, in the introduction of his course, writes that the study of the cases of interpretation of treaties by the international and national courts enable proving the utility of the various rules of interpretation, elaborated with care, which we encounter in the treaties of international law; it leads us to conclude on their less practical significance, he notes. …

Niboyet, J.-P. Keywords: Reciprocity | Legal principles | Private international law | Treaties | Mots clefs: Réciprocité | Principes généraux du droit | Droit international privé | Traités | ABSTRACT The theme developed by J.-P. Niboyet in his course is the relations that exist or rather should exist between the general principles of civil law and the treaties which are, after all, just the contracts between the States. After outlining a few general considerations, the author examines the patterns of diplomatic reciprocity, …

Bühler, Ottmar Keywords: Double taxation | Treaties | Tax evasion | Mots clefs: Imposition (double) | Traités | Evasion fiscale | ABSTRACT Ottmar Buhler, in the introduction to this course, notes that the problems of tax law are due to a large number of states collecting taxes, multiplicity of the tax systems, and infinitely numerous and complicated economic relationships between countries. After a presentation of the different tax systems of the States of the world and economic relations between States giving rise t…

D. Mc Nair, Arnold Keywords: Wars | Treaties | Mots clefs: Guerres | Traités | ABSTRACT Arnold Mc Nair proposes to dedicate his course to the research and collection of materials in the form of judgments and diplomatic controversies rather than the discussion of theories. After a historical overview and preliminary observations, he thus successively studies the different categories of treaties which can, besides, overlap: the treaties relating to permanent laws, the treaties conferring rights of extraterritoria…

M. Yepes, J. Keywords: Regionalism | Treaties | Mots clefs: Régionalisme | Traités | ABSTRACT When one of the founders of international law, Hugo Grotius, has written that very often the law of nations of one of the parties of the world is not that of others, he has only expressed an axiom which is daily confirmed by history, notes J.M. Yepes. Here is the axiom: there is an international law which is universal, necessary and common to all the civilized people; but besides this universal law, there are specific…

G. Fitzmaurice, G. Keywords: World War II | Peace | Treaties | Mots clefs: Guerre mondiale de 1939 | Paix | Traités | ABSTRACT In his course on the Judicial Clauses of the Peace Treaties, G.G. Fitzmaurice refers to the peace treaties as the treaties signed with Italy, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, and Finland and entered into force in 1947. After an introduction devoted to the peace treaties, the author examines the territorial clauses, the political clauses, the military clauses, economic clauses, financial clauses, and commercial clauses of the peace treaties. Dans son cours sur les …

L. Goodhart, A. Keywords: North Atlantic Treaty Organization | Treaties | Mots clefs: Organisation du Traité de l Atlantique Nord | Traité | ABSTRACT A. L. Goodhart writes in the introduction to his 1951 course that there is no doubt that the North Atlantic Treaty of 1949 is, from a practical point of view, the most important international agreement since the creation of the United Nations. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was established and substantial investments have already been spent on the implement…

De Visscher, Paul Keywords: Treaties | Constitutional law | International law and domestic law | Mots clefs: Traités | Droit constitutionnel | Droit international et droit interne | ABSTRACT Whether we want to see in actual practice the first manifestations of an international constitutional law or want to see in international law "national law for external use", it is clear today that internationalists can no longer ignore evolution. In this course, Paul De Visscher focuses on the most recent trends in the phenomenon of ha…

Rosenne, Shabtai Keywords: United Nations | Treaties | Mots clefs: Nations Unies | Traités | ABSTRACT The objective of the Shabtai Rosenne’s course is to study the United Nations Treaty Practice as an international organization with legal personality. The intention of the author is to assess the extent to which it has succeeded in adopting international treaty law despite its specificities and the heterogeneity of its members. The author successively examines the treaties established under the aegis of the Unit…

H. Alexandrowicz, Charles Keywords: South Asia | Europe | Diplomacy | Treaties | Mots clefs: Asie du Sud | Europe | Diplomatie | Traités | ABSTRACT Charles Alexandrowicz begins his course on Treaties and Diplomatic Relations Between European and South Asian Powers in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth centuries with a historic overview of the relations between Suzerain States and Vassal States. He then presents the controversy between Grotius and Freitas. He examines the treaties and the contexts in which they were signed. F…

W. Bishop, Jr., William Keywords: Reservations | Treaties | Mots clefs: Réserves | Traités | ABSTRACT William Bishop devotes his course to Reservations to Treaties. After a definition of the concept of reservations in the introduction, the author examines the practice concerning acceptance of reservations in bilateral treaties and multilateral treaties. He also focuses on the distinction between reservation, interpretation, and declaration. He discusses the question of the reservation clauses, and then presents…

Z. Ehler, Sidney Keywords: Roman Catholic Church | Treaties | Pope | Mots clefs: Eglise | Traités | Pape | ABSTRACT According to Sidney Z. Ehler, a concordat is an international agreement between the Pope and a State relating to the legal situation of the Catholic Church of that state. The author begins his study with a presentation of the two parties to the concordat: the Pope and the State. He next examines the characteristics of the concordat as an international agreement, later examines the characteristics of th…

J. Hahn, Hugo Keywords: Europe | International organizations | Competence | European Coal and Steel Community | European Economic Community | European Atomic Energy Community | Treaties | Community law | Mots clefs: Europe | Organisations internationales | Compétence | Communauté européenne du charbon et de l'acier | Communauté économique européenne | Communauté européenne de l'énergie atomique | Traités | Droit communautaire | ABSTRACT Hugo Hahn devotes his course to Constitutional Limitations in the Law of International Organizations. By constitution, it m…

Berlia, G. Keywords: Interpretation | Treaties | Mots clefs: Interprétation | Traités | ABSTRACT The question of the interpretation of a legal act raises two main types of problems: the authority competent to interpret and the act to be interpreted. It is precisely the nature of the act to be interpreted, considers G. Berlia, as an essential element of his study. The author successively focuses on the true meaning of the terms "intention of the parties", the so-called clear act rule, the rule of useful effect…

Wolf, Francis Keywords: International labour law | Treaties | Labor | Mots clefs: Droit international ouvrier | Traités | Travail | ABSTRACT Using an example of International Labor conventions and the standards based on conventions as an attempt to demonstrate the importance of the principle of the interdependence of international instruments, the author successively examines: how do International Labor Conventions complement and integrate each other; how are other interested international organizations involved in t…

H. Van Hoogstraten, M. Keywords: Hague Conference on Private International Law | Private international law | Codification | Treaties | Mots clefs: Conférence de La Haye de droit international privé | Droit international privé | Codification | Traités | ABSTRACT The Hague Conference of Private International Law aims at working for the progressive unification of the rules of private international law (art. 1 of the Statute). Just like the other international organizations, the Conference seeks to accomplish its task by concluding intern…

Valticos, Nicolas Keywords: International Labour Organization | International labour law | Treaties | International control | Labor | Mots clefs: Organisation internationale du travail | Droit international ouvrier | Traités | Contrôle international | Travail | ABSTRACT Head of the Department of International Labor Standards at the International Labor Office The examination of the system established for the control of application of international labor conventions presents a special interest for a series of reasons, writes Nicolas …