Search
Your search for 'dc_creator:( "Le Bohec, Yann (Lyon)" ) OR dc_contributor:( "Le Bohec, Yann (Lyon)" )' returned 85 results. Modify search
Sort Results by Relevance | Newest titles first | Oldest titles first
Cornicines
(109 words)
[German version] The
cornicines were military musicians (
aeneatores). They played the
cornu, a wind instrument curved into a circle and made of bronze; the distinction from the
…
Source:
Brill’s New Pauly
War chariot
(855 words)
[German version] I. Ancient Orient and Egypt In both the Ancient Orient and Egypt the WC was a single-axle open chariot with spoked wheels pulled by horses. WCs were predominantly made of wood and in some cases clad in metal. The first evidence of WCs is on 2nd millennium BC seal rolls in Anatolia, and then in Syria (Seals). Their origin is disputed. In particular Hittite texts record the military significance of WCs (battle of Qadesh in 1275 BC between Muwatalli II and Ramses [2] II). There is also ev…
Source:
Brill’s New Pauly
Bucinatores
(114 words)
[German version] Along with
tubicines and
cornicines,
bucinatores were musicians in the Roman army; the
bucina was a bronze wind instrument (Veg. Mil. 2,11; 3,5), whose exact shape is contentious. In Republican times, the duties of the night-watchmen were regulated by
bucina signals (Pol. 6,35; Liv. 7,36; Frontin. Str. 1,5,17). During the Principate, a
bucina call signalled the end of the
convivium in camp (Tac. Ann. 15,30,1); in late antiquity the
bucinatores gave the signal for the execution of soldiers. …
Source:
Brill’s New Pauly
Soldiers' pay
(831 words)
Sources give only little information about the introduction and development of SP in Greece and in Rome, and they contain only few precise figures for the amounts. Hence modern works on SP are largely based on assumptions and estimates resulting from them. …
Source:
Brill’s New Pauly
Aeneatores
(102 words)
[German version] were the musicians of the Roman legions and were already documented in the Servian centuria regulation. They included the
tubicines,
cornicines and
bucinatores, who transmitted the officers' orders in the camp, while marching and during battle. The word
aeneatores appeared only once in the imperial period (CIL XIII 6503): in the 4th cent. AD they were mentioned in Amm. Marc. 16,12,36 and 24,4,22. Bucinatores; Cornicines; Tubicines Le Bohec, Yann (Lyon) …
Source:
Brill’s New Pauly
Exauctorare
(226 words)
[German version] The verb
exauctorare refers to the judicial act, by which a Roman military commander could release a soldier or an entire unit from their oath of allegiance. Such an act could be carried out at certain times defined in law, in the Republican era for example following a victory, at the time of the Principate at the end of a soldier's compulsory military service (Suet. Aug. 24,2; Suet. Tib. 30; Tac. Ann. 1,36,4; Tac. Hist. 1,20,6). In exceptional circumstances, this might …
Source:
Brill’s New Pauly
Labarum
(209 words)
[German version] Before the Battle of the Milvian Bridge ( Pons Milvius) against Maxentius in AD 312, in a dream described as a vision, Constantine I was advised to have the first two letters of the name of Christ, in Greek
chi and
rho (Χ and Ρ), inscribed on the shields of his soldiers, if he wished victory: τούτῳ νίκα (‘By this sign be victorious’; cf. Lactant. De mort. pers. 44; Euseb. Vita Const. 1,26-31). This Christogram was later fixed to the tip of a standard consisting of a long lance with a flag bearing the Imperial medallion hung on a crosspiece. It is unclear whether the name
labarum…
Source:
Brill’s New Pauly
Armour
(709 words)
[German version] Even the heroes of the Homeric epics protected themselves with armour made of bronze or linen (Hom. Il. 3,830; 11,15-28). In the archaic period, body armour (θώραξ/
Thorax ) was included as part of the equipment of the Greek
hoplítai ; during the classic period however, metal armour was increasingly replaced by armour made of lighter materials. In the Roman army, armour (
lorica) was worn by the
prima classis (according to Liv. 1,43,2, this in the early days of Rome denoted the wealthiest class of citizens with assets of 100,000 As or more). Diff…
Source:
Brill’s New Pauly
Imaginiferi, Imaginifarii
(215 words)
[German version] The
imaginifer was a soldier who, at least at festivals, carried an image (
imago) of the
princeps (Veg. Mil. 2,6; 2,7; Jos. Ant. Iud. 18,55); the
imaginiferi certainly did not have any specifically military duties. There was an
imaginifer in each legion, though he did not necessarily belong to the first cohort (
cohors ) (CIL III 2553: 3rd cohort). According to Vegetius (Mil. 2,7),
…
Source:
Brill’s New Pauly
Disciplina militaris
(943 words)
[German version] The Latin term
disciplina designates a) a field of knowledge or an academic discipline and b) obedience. According to Livy (Liv. 9,17,10), in Rome
disciplina militaris had evolved into an
ars. In conjunction with the Roman military,
disciplina generally appears in its second meaning; Frontinus calls the knowledge of military matters
rei militaris scientia (Frontin. Str. 1 praef. 1). The phrase is used by Valerius Maximus as well as Pliny and is furthermore epigraphically documented (Val.Max. 2,7; Plin. Ep. 10,29; S.c. de Cn. Pisone patre, 52; ILS 3809; cf.
disciplina…
Source:
Brill’s New Pauly
Decorations, military
(877 words)
[German version] Decorations were used to reward soldiers' bravery and acts of courage in the Roman army as in all other armies, their advantage bein…
Source:
Brill’s New Pauly
Corvus
(137 words)
[German version] [1] Military The invention of the
corvus (‘raven’) is attributed to C. Duilius,
cos. in 260 BC and victor over the Carthaginians in the battle of Mylae. It was a boarding-plank attached to the bow of the ship, steered with the aid of a pulley and a rope. When it was thrown on to the enemy ship, a metal hook remained fixed to the deck; this was a way of damaging the enemy's rigging, which allowed the Roman soldiers to enter the ship (Pol. 1,22,23). With the invention of the
…
Source:
Brill’s New Pauly
Military writers
(522 words)
[German version] The intellectual education of the future officers of the Roman army was based on the reading and interpretation of the works of historians such as Polybius and Livy, as well as the military regulations put into force under Augustus and Hadrian, which were still valid under Severus Alexander (Veg. Mil. 1,27:
Augusti atque Hadriani constitutiones; Suet. Aug. 24f.; cf. Cass. Dio 69,9,4). Alongside these, works by Cato, Marius [I 1], Rutilius Rufus (Val. Max. 2,3,2), and Arrius [II 5] Menander were also read. Under Constantinus [1], thes…
Source:
Brill’s New Pauly
Manoeuvres
(525 words)
[German version] Military exercises (
exercitium, exercitatio militaris, decursio), for a long time little studied by historians, contributed considerably to the military success of the Roman army and appear to have been conducted on the Field of Mars (
Campus Martius ) in early times. From the late 3rd cent. BC, military exercises were developed further in both practice and theory. Cornelius [I 71] Scipio Africanus organized manoeuvres systematically in Spain in 210 BC (Pol. 10,20; Liv. 26,51,3-7) and then in Sicily…
Source:
Brill’s New Pauly
War, consequences of
(1,115 words)
[German version] I. Greece The consequences of a war in Ancient Greece for individuals, cities or kingdoms depended on its duration and size, and a systematic or general assessment is thus not unproblematic. Several authors describe the terrible sight of a battlefield (Xen. Hell. 4,4,12; Xen. Ages. 2,14f.; Plut. Pelopidas 18,5; cf. Thuc. 7,84f.). During a hoplite battle in the classical period, on average 5% of the victors and 14% of the vanquished would fall [4]; in addition there would be the woun…
Source:
Brill’s New Pauly
Dona militaria
(887 words)
[German version] Particularly deserving soldiers and officers of the Roman army were granted marks of honour ( Decorations, military), with the rank of the recipient playing an important role. The practice of presenting such marks of honour changed in the course of the Republican period and the Principate. The older tradition reported the granting of decorations in the early Republic (Plin. HN 22,6-13) but the first credible information is found in Polybius (6,39). Honorary distinctions are docume…
Source:
Brill’s New Pauly