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Taṣwīr
(5,289 words)
(a.), verbal noun from the form II verb
ṣawwara “to form, fashion”, then “depict, represent, illustrate”. It is the principal term used in Arabic for both the representational arts including painting, drawing, sketching, engraving and photography (on which see 2. below) and the process of their creation. It is often contrasted to
timt̲h̲āl (sculpture) and synonymous with
ṣūra and the rarer
taṣwīra or their respective plural forms
ṣuwar and
taṣāwīr . Other synonyms of
taṣwīr widely used in Persian texts are
naḳs̲h̲ (A.) and
nigār (P.). Although in the usage…
Iran
(39,501 words)
iii. Languages (a) Pas̲h̲to [see afg̲h̲ān . (ii). The Pas̲h̲to language] (b) Kurdish [see kurds , kurdistān . v. Language] (c) Zaza [
q.v.] (d) Ḵh̲wārazmian (e) Sogdian and Bactrian in the early Islamic period (f) New Persian (g) New Persian written in Hebrew characters [see judaeo-persian . ii. Language] (d) Ḵh̲wārazmian. Ḵh̲warazmian, last attested late in the 8th/14th century (before yielding to Turkish), belonged to the Eastern branch of the Iranian language family, being most closely related to Sogdian, its southeastern neighbour. Pre-Islami…
ʿABD-AL-ṢAMAD ŠĪRĀZĪ
(2,587 words)
painter, calligrapher, and courtier in the service of the Mughal emperor Homāyūn.A version of this article is available in printVolume I, Fascicle 2, pp. 162-167
ʿABD-AL
-ṢAMAD ŠĪRĀZĪ, painter, calligrapher, and courtier; he entered the service of Homāyūn at Kabul in 956/1549 and remained an important artistic and governmental figure under Akbar (963-1014/1556-1605). Still active in 1008/1600, he appears to have died before the accession of Jahāngīr in 1014/1605. A painting recently in the art market bears an inscription …
Source:
Encyclopaedia Iranica Online
Date:
2022-10-11
HAFEZ
(46,895 words)
Celebrated Persian lyric poet (ca. 715-792/1315-1390).A version of this article is available in printVolume XI, Fascicle 5, pp. 461-507
HAFEZ (Ḥāfeẓ), ŠAMS-AL-DIN MOḤAMMAD of Shiraz (ca. 715-792/1315-1390), celebrated Persian lyric poet.HAFEZ i. An OverviewHafez is the most popular of Persian poets. If a book of poetry is to be found in a Persian home, it is likely to be the
Divān (collected poems) of Hafez. Many of his lines have become proverbial sayings, and there are few who cannot recite some of his lyrics, partially or totally, by heart. His
Divān is widely used in bibliomancy (
fāl; …
Source:
Encyclopaedia Iranica Online
Date:
2022-02-17
ART IN IRAN
(81,748 words)
The history of art in Iran and Iranian lands. A version of this article is available in printVolume II, Fascicle 5-6, pp. 549-646ART IN IRAN i. NEOLITHIC TO MEDIAN
Geography as a determinant for the development of art. Topographically Iran is a varied country and its art is regionally diversified. This variation in the artistic products from different areas of the country sets off the art of Iran as a whole from that of countries in which greater uniformity can be observed, such as Mesopotamia where major differences exist only bet…
Source:
Encyclopaedia Iranica Online
Date:
2022-02-17