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1. Pre-Modern Times The Sino-Vietnamese relationship has a history of more than 2000 years during which elements of cooperation, cultural influence, and conflict have been closely, sometimes almost inextricably, linked. The analysis of this intricate network of ambivalent relations has become significantly complicated by a rather unbalanced body of source material. Although there have been numerous archaeological findings, written sources up to the 14th century are only available from Chinese archi…