[German version] Italian people in Latium on the  Liris and its tributary Trerus or Tolerus (modern Sacco); here lay Anagnia, Ferentinum and Frusino on the via Latina, and further inland Verulae, Aletrium and Capitulum Hernicum. Possibly attested from the beginning of the Iron Age, they appear to have been the oldest Italian people wh…

Wars within or between ancient alliance systems (Socii; Symmachia; Symmachoi). The term does not include punitive expeditions by the leading power against individual alliance members. The following wars were already called SW (πόλεμος συμμαχικός/ pólemos symmachikós, bellum sociale) in Antiquity: [German version] [1] War by Athens against allies of the 2nd Athenian League, 357-355 BC The war by Athens against seceded allies of the Second Athenian League from 357-355 BC, which put Athens into serious military and financial difficulties (Symmoria). Du…

Oscan praenomen ( Egnatius [I 3]). Attested as a Roman nomen gentile from the 2nd cent. BC. The most important holder is the seven-time consul M. [I 1]; the prominent Imperial-period Spanish bearer of the name, M. [II 3], is probably a descendant of family members of that Marius. I. Republican Period [German version] [I 1] M., C. Seven-time consul, victor over Jugurtha and over the Cimbri and Teutoni, opponent of Sulla The seven-time consul; victor over Jugurtha and over the Cimbri and Teutoni. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] A. The rise to political prominence Born c. 157 BC near…

Name of a Plebeian family (connection with the Campanian city of Pompeii is unclear). The family acquired political significance with P. [I 1]; he is the origin of the Rufi branch. With P. [I 8] a related branch attained consulship and with his son Cn. P. [I 3] Magnus supplied the most significant member of the gens. Both lineages continue until the early Imperial period (family trees: [1; 2; 3]). I. Republican Period [German version] [I 1] P., Q. Consul 141 BC A homo novus and popular orator (Cic. Brut. 96), he became consul in 141 BC, despite resistance from the nobility and particularly from P. Cornelius [I 70] Scipio Aemilianus, and held command in Spain. P. blamed the failure of the sieges of Numantia and Termantia on his predecessor L. Caecilius [I 27] Metellus Macedonicus. Nevertheless, his command was extended into 140. Because of further failures he negotiated an apparent surrender with the Numant…

[German version] Town of the  Marsi (CIL IX 3839; 3845) on the upper reaches of the  Liris, modern Cività d'Antino. In the Roman imperial age, it was a municipium of the tribus Sergia. Remains of the town walls (polygonal stonework). Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart)

[German version] Oscan Samnite tribe in central Italy between  Latini,  Marsi, and  Hernici. In the 5th and 4th cents. BC, the A. fought against Rome. They occupied Latin towns and attempted to gain control of the Algido valley where, in 458 BC, they encircled the army of the consul L. Minucius, but were defeated by  Cincinnatus (Liv. 3,25-29; Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 10,22-25). In 431 BC, they suffered defeat at the hand of the dictator A. Postumius Tubertus (Liv. 4,27-29; Diod. Sic. 12,64; Plut. Cam…

[German version] Fortified city of the Marsi [1], not located, conquered, like the two neighbouring - also unlocated - cities of Milionia and Fresilia, in 302 BC by the Roman dictator M. Valerius Maximus (according to Liv. 10,3,5; less likely by his father M. Valerius Corvus, as the Acta Triumphalia CIL I2 p. 171 write for 301 BC, however) after a victory over the Marsi and set free again after the conclusion of a treaty. Gulletta, Maria Ida (Pisa)

[German version] Germanic tribe that Str. 7,1,3 counts among the weaker tribes, together with the Cherusci, Chatti and Chattuari. A version of the Mannus-genealogy ( Herminones) ranked the G., together with the Marsi, Suebi and Vandili, among the original Germanic tribes (Tac. Germ. 2,2). A connection with the Sugambri seems to be linguistically indicated, but the fact that Str. loc. cit. mentions both names in the same context argues against their being identical.…

[German version] Sabellian tribe of the Adriatic coast on the lower course of the Aternus (Ptol. 3,1,20), with the main settlement at Teate (Plin. HN 3,106; also Teate Marrucinorum, CIL VI 2379, and Teate Marrucino, Itin. Anton. 310), modern Chieti; neighbours of the Vestini, Paeligni and Frentani (Str. 5,4,2). In 304 BC, they conclude…

[German version] A lake that often overflows because it has no outlet (155 km2, 655 m above sea level) in the area of the Marsi between Sulmona and the national park of Abruzzo. Caesar contemplated draining it (Suet. Iul. 44), Augustus prevented it (Suet. Claud. 20), Claudius realized it in part by laying a 5.65 km long drainage to the Liris (Suet. Claud. 20f.), under Nero the project was stopped (Plin.…

[German version] I. Mesopotamia Magic formulae - such as spells, apotropaea, and prophylacterics - and rational elements, i.e. empirically derived treatment methods with plant, mineral, or animal substances, characterize the image of medicine in a Mesopotamia. The treatment of diseases - seen as either caused by demons, or as a punishment sent by the gods, or as the result of being bewitched, as well as the result of natural causes - was the domain of two different experts, the asû, more versed in herbal lore, evident from as early as the mid-3rd millennium BC, and the spe…

[German version] Goddess of the Marsi, after whom Lucus Angitia (Verg. Aen. 7,759) on the shore of Lake Fucinus is named. Servius' interpretation is as poor as his etymology (Aen. 7,750). A. was regarded as a goddess helpful especially against poisonous snakes, as is evident from Verg. Aen. 7,750 and Gellius in Solin.2,27 ff. The name in Paelignian is Anaceta, Anceta, Anacta; in Oscan, Anagtia. Versnel, Hendrik S. (Warmond) Bibliography Radke, 65 f. G. Wissowa, Religion und Kultus der Römer, 21912, 49.

[German version] Italian tribe in the Appennines midway along the river Aternus in the neighbourhood of the Vestini, Marrucini, Marsi [1] and Frentani (Str. 5,2,1; 5,3,4; 5,3,11; Liv. 9,19,4; 26,11,11). They inhabited a cold (Hor. Carm. 3,19,8; Ov. Tr. 4,10,3) and water-rich mountain region (Ov. Am. 2,1,1). Together with the Vestini they had access to the sea by means of the Aternus (Str. 5,4,2); moreover the coast around Hortona and the mouth of the Sarus (Ptol. 3,1,19) were also regarded as Pael…

[German version] A. Dialectal structure OU (also: 'Sabellic') is a term for a group of languages spoken in eastern central and southern Italy before Romanization (see under D.). It has been possible to discern 14 vernaculars attested in inscriptions. On internal criteria they can be arranged in two dialect groups [1. 108]: the northern, 'Umbro-Sabine' one includes, as the most important representatives, Umbrian (chief towns Iguvium, Tuder), Southern Picene (on the eastern slopes of the Appennines bet…

[German version] Roman cognomen, in the Republican period of the leader of the Marsi Q. Poppaedius S., in the Imperial period in the Larcii and Pompeii families. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography Degrassi, FCIR, 268  Kajanto, Cognomina, 118; 237.

[German version] (Μαρούιον; Maroúion). Vicus, later municipium, in Central Italy on the lacus Fucinus with a harbour settlement on the Aternus, modern S.…

Name of a Plebeian family from Tusculum. In the belief that the family had been pig-breeders, in antiquity their name was derived from porcus  (Varro Rust. 2,1,10 etc.). From the middle of the 3rd century BC, the Catones and Licinii branches belonged to Rome's leading class and at the beginning of the 2nd century, they attained the consulship with  Cato [1] (Censorius) and P. [I 13]. The exact blood relationship between the most prominent bearer of the name, Cato [1], and his great-grandson, P. [I 7] Cato (Uticensis), is not completely clarified. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) I. Republic…

Ὁ ὄφις/ ho óphis, as early as Hom. Il. 12,208; Latin anguis or, from its creeping way of moving, serpens; sometimes also generally ὁ δράκων/ ho drákōn (v.i. B. 3.; = óphis in Hom. Il. 12,202; Hes. Theog. 322 and 825), ἡ ἔχιδνα/ hē échidna (Hdt. 3,108; also as the snake-like monster Echidna and in a metaphorical sense for 'traitor/traitress', e.g. Aesch. Cho.  249), ἡ χέρσυδρος/ hē chérsydros (e.g. Nic. Ther. 359); Latin vipera (first at Cic. Har. resp. 50), coluber, colubra (from Plautus to Petronius only poetic). I. Zoology [German version] A. General The absence of snakes on certain i…

[German version] A group of deities whose worship is reflected in the inscriptions of Marruvium (Vetter no. 225 = [1. 43-47 no. 36]: esos nouesede, 3rd cent. BC) and Pisaurum (CIL XI 6297 = ILLRP 20: deiu no[ u] esede, 3rd/2nd cents. BC). Calpurnius Piso (fr. 45 HRR = 35 Forsythe) claims the origin and cult of the Di Novensides lie in the Sabine town of Trebula Mutuesca. Together with the Di Indigetes…

Name of a Roman patrician family (epigraphically also Serveilius), said to have migrated to Rome from Alba Longa under king Tullus Hostilius [4] (Liv. 1,30,2; Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 3,29,7). The oldest branches are the Ahalae and Fidenates in …