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, (not urṭukids ), a Turkish dynasty which reigned over the, whole or part of Diyār Bakr, either independently or under Mongol protectorate, from the end of the 5th/11th to the beginning of the 9th/15th century. Artuḳ, son of Ekseb, belonged to the Turkoman tribe Döger [ q.v.]. In 1073 he was in Asia Minor, operating for and against the Byzantine Emperor ¶ ¶ Michael VII, but he later appears principally as an officer in the service of the Great Sald̲j̲ūḳ Maliks̲h̲āh. In 1077 he brought the Carmathians of Baḥrayn under the rule of Maliks̲h̲āh; in 1079 Maliks̲…

[see artuḳids ].

[see artuḳids ].

[see artuḳids ; kāwūrd b. dāwūd ].

[see alp ; artuḳids ; s̲h̲āh-i arman ].

ʿarūḍ (A) : in prosody, the last foot of the first hemistich, as opposed to the last foot of the sec…

, Īnālids , name of a Turcoman chief (from the old central-Asiatic title Yi̊nal) who made himself independent at Āmid (Diyār Bakr [ q.v.]) at the end of the 5th/11th century during the struggles among the successors of Maliks̲h̲āh, and name of the dynasty, which remained in power until the end of the 6th/12th century. Although they are mentioned in a few inscriptions, the historians have written little on the Īnālids. Masters of a place which was commercially and strategically important, they nevertheless held at Diyār Bakr a secondary place compared with the Artuḳ…

(Grk. Antizene, in Yāḳut Hinzīt), name of the province and of the basin enclosed between the great bend of the Euphrates to the NNW of Malaṭya and the D̲j̲abal Baharmaz, with the “little lake” Göld̲j̲ük (Ar. al-Buḥayra) of Dzovk (Ar. al-Baḥīratān) at its foot ; one of the great communication routes of history passes from here towards the Tigris sources. This region of K̲h̲anzīt was for long Armenian (in the 6th/12th century the Catholicos of the Armenian Church resided at Dzovk) ; after being co…

, the name given in several mediaeval Arabic sources to an area east of presentday Turkish Urfa (Arabic al-Ruhā [ q.v.], Frankish Edessa), and north of Ḥarrān. We can perhaps identify it with the range of hills known as the Tektek Dağ. S̲h̲abak̲h̲tān apparently comprised a number of strongholds, each with its dependant fief or ʿamal . Fiefs ( aʿmāl ) of S̲h̲abak̲h̲tān referred to in the sources include D̲j̲umlayn, al-Ḳurādī, Tall Mawzan and al-Muwazzar. References to S̲h̲abak̲h̲tān, or to strongholds within it, begin with the Crusad…

(t.), «hero», a figure which played a great role in the warlike ancient Turkish society; synonyms: batur ( bahādur [ q.v.], sökmen , čapar [ qq.v.]).(Turkish heroic tradition survived in an Islamicized form and appears in Anatolia in the stories of Dede Ḳorkud [ q.v.] as well as in the poetry of ʿAs̲h̲iḳ Pas̲h̲a and the history of Yazi̊d̲j̲i̊og̲h̲lu; cf. Fuad Köprülü, Bibl .). The word alp , used since ancient times among the various Turkish peoples either as an element in compound proper names or as a title, occurs frequently in proper na…

, formerly called Ḥiṣn Manṣūr , or Ḥiṣn-i Manṣūr (modern spelling Hüsnümansur), according to Cuinet also called Körkün, a small town in S.E. Anatolia, capital of the ḳaḍā of the same name in the sand̲j̲ak , now wilāyet , of Malaṭiya (formerly it belonged to the wilāyet of Maʿmūrat ül-ʿAzīz), 37° 45′ N, 38° 15′ E. The numbers of the inhabitants given in the past vary: according to EI1, 10,000, mainly Armenians; according to Sāmī, 25,000, of which only 1255 Christians; according to ʿAli Ḏj̲ewād in one passage 1150, in another more than 25,000 of which more than a …

, nūr al-dawla balak b. bahrām b. artuḳ , one of the first Artuḳids, known chiefly as a tough warrior. He appears in history in 489/1096 as commander of Sarud̲j̲ on the Middle Euphrates. This locality being taken from him by the Crusaders in the following year, and his uncle Ilg̲h̲āzī having been appointed governor of ʿIrāḳ by Sulṭān Muḥammad, he accompanied him, and is found in the following years struggling vainly for the little towns of ʿĀna and Ḥadīt̲h̲a, against Arabs, or prot…

, a Türkmen dynasty that ruled a principality centred on Erzurum [ q.v.] from ca. 465/1072 to 598/1202. The information on this dynasty from all sources is rather sparse and somewhat confused. It was apparently founded by one Saltuḳ, who was among the Türkmen beys under Alp Arslan whom he sent to conquer Anatolia after the battle of Malāzgird [ q.v.]. Ibn al-At̲h̲īr (d. 630/1233) says the founder was a certain Abu ’l-Ḳāsim, who may have been the same person. The Saltuḳ-og̲h̲ullari̊ seem to have established the first Turkmen principality in Anatolia after…

, the fifth ruler of the Turkmen Artuḳid dynasty [ q.v.] in Ḥiṣn Kayfā and most of Diyār Bakr, d. in Rabīʿ I 581/June 1185. He succeeded on his father Ḳara Arslan’s death, in 562/1166-7 according to the chronicles (although numismatic evidence suggests that the latter may have lived till 570/1174-5), having promised his father to continue support for the Zangid ruler Nūr al-Dīn Maḥmūd’s [ q.v.] d̲j̲ihād against the Franks, a commitment which he in fact honoured by bringing troops to Niṣibīn in 566/1170-1. But after the Zangid’s death in 56…

, a stronghold of eastern Anatolia situated on a rock (Armenian, pert ) 350 m./1,100 ft. above the plain of K̲h̲anzit [ q.v.], to be identified with the Ḥiṣna Zayt of the Aramaic texts (and already in Ammianus Marcellinus, castellum Ziata , whence, through a confusion, the Arabic Ḥiṣn Ziyād, a term in use till the 16th century). The corrupted form K̲h̲arput is found in colloquial Armenian (whence already in the Byzantine author Cedrenos, ii, 419) and in modern Turkish. The Latin and French authors at the time of t…

( Mangūd̲j̲ak ), a Turkmen chief who was the eponym of a minor dynasty which appears in history with his son Isḥāḳ in 512/1118 in eastern Anatolia around the town of Erzind̲j̲ān [ q.v.], but including also Diwrigi and Kog̲h̲onia/Colonia-Ḳara Ḥiṣār S̲h̲arḳī. His territory accordingly lay between that of the Dānis̲h̲mendids [ q.v.] on the west, of the Saltuḳids [ q.v.] of Erzerum on the east, of the Byzantine province of Trebizond on the north and of the Artuḳid principalities [see artuḳids ] on the south; it thus commanded the traditional highway for inva…

, Abu ’l-Muẓaffar ʿImād al-Dīn b. Ḳasīm al-Dawla Aḳsunḳur b. Il-Turg̲h̲ān, Turkmen commander, governor of ʿIrāḳ, later ruler of al-Mawṣil and Aleppo (521-41/1127-46) and founder of the Zangid dynasty, d. 541/1146. Early youth. Born in Aleppo in 480/1087-8, he was the last surviving son of the Sald̲j̲ūḳ commander Aḳsunḳur [ q.v.], who became governor of Aleppo 480-7/1087-94. After his father’s death in 487/1094, Zangī was raised at the court of the governors of al-Mawṣil [ q.v.] and distinguished himself in the internal warfare of rival Sald̲j̲ūḳ princes and the wars ag…

, a mediaeval Islamic town of upper al-D̲j̲azīra, classical Samosata, Ottoman Samsāṭ, modern Turkish Samsat in the il or province of Achyaman (lat. 37° 30′ N., long. 38° 32′ E.). Not to be confused with S̲h̲ims̲h̲āṭ [ q.v.] (Arsamosata) further up the river to the north-east, it lies on the right bank of the Euphrates’ northwards bend at an important crossing of the north-south route to Edessa or Urfa, 50 km/30 miles to the south of Sumaysāṭ, and the east-west one from Mārdīn. It may have had a bridge over the river in Antiquity, a…

, second Artuḳid ruler of Mārdīn, was born probably ca. 487/1094 (Ibn al-At̲h̲īr, 418). On Il-G̲h̲āzī’s death in 515/1122, Timurtās̲h̲ took Mārdīn without opposition (Ibn al-Azraḳ, 47; Anon . Syr . Chron ., 89; Ibn al-Ḳalānisī, 208; Kāmil , x, 426; Ibn al-ʿAdīm, Zubda , 209; Michael the Syrian, 218), whilst his brother Sulaymān ruled at Mayyāfāriḳīn. In the service of his energetic cousin, Balak, Timurtās̲h̲ was present at Balak’s siege of Manbid̲j̲ in 518/1124. That same year, Timurtās̲h̲ took possession of Aleppo (Ibn al-ʿAdīm, Zubda, 220; Ibn al-Azraḳ, 50). After a short, disastro…

(present-day (Tkish.) Tilbeşar Kalesi; Armenian Thilpašar, Thil Aveteač; Frankish Turbessel), a fortress and walled town of the ¶ north Syrian borderlands, in present-day southern Turkey, 25 km/15 miles south-east of the city of Gaziantep (ʿAynṭāb [ q.v.]), near the village of Gundoğdu. Although mentioned as early as Assyrian times, the detailed history of Tall Bās̲h̲ir begins at the end of the 5th/11th century, testimony to its position in the path of powers seeking to expand east or west. In 489/1096 the Sald̲j̲ūḳ ruler of Aleppo, Riḍwān b. Tutus̲h̲ [ q.v.], captured it from Yag̲h…