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Zimmermann, Michel Keywords: Middle Ages | International law | Legal history | Mots clefs: Moyen Age | Droit international | Histoire du droit | ABSTRACT For the majority of internationalists of the second half of the XIXth century and at the beginning of the XXth century, there is no doubt that the law of nations did not exist in the Middle Ages and that it made its appearance only after the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, writes Michel Zimmermann. On the contrary, for the great French writers of the first half of the XIXth century, it was contestable that a very developed international l…

(Λυκαονία; Lykaonía). [German version] A. Geography, population, economy Country in central Asia Minor with changing boundaries which extended from Tatta Limne (modern Lake Tuz) in the north to the Taurus in the south and from the Coralis Limne (modern Lake Beyşehir) in the west to Mount Karaca in the east. Most of the area was taken up by the steppe-like plateaus about Iconium (Konya) and in the south and southwest by Tatta Limne. In the west and south, L. included part of the western Taurus, which r…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Christianity | | Coloniae | Ḫattusa (Λύστρα; Lýstra), modern Hatunsaray; south-west of Iconium (Turkey). Founded by Augustus as a Roman colony in the province of Galatia [1. 51-53, 153-156, 195-197]. Christianized by the Apostle Paul during his 1st and 2nd missionary journey (Acts 14:6-20; 16:1-3; 2 Tim 3:11). Around 370 annexed to the new province of Lycaonia. Attested as a diocese (suffragan of Iconium) from 380 [2. 200]. Belke, Klaus (Vienna) Bibliography 1 B. Levick, Roman Colonies in Southern Asia Minor, 1967 2 Belke.

[German version] (Καλύκαδνος; Kalýkadnos). Most important and abundant (Amm. Marc. 14,3,15) river in Cilicia Tracheia ( Cilices) in Isauria, whose southern tributary (modern Gevne Çayı) rises in the border region of Pamphylia and Isauria, passes through the Cietis to the south of Germanicopolis to its confluence near  Claudiopolis [2] with the other tributary (Gök Çayı) from the region of Bozkır in the border region of Lycaonia and Isauria; then called Göksu, it flows via Seleucia (Roman bridge from the time of Vespasian) and reaches the Mediterranean after c. 15 km (navigable in…

[German version] (Κάν[ν]α; Kán[n]a). Town in eastern Lycaonia, modern Beşağıl (formerly Gene), east of  Iconium on the road from Amorium to the Cilician Gates [1. 100f., 185]. Seen by Ptol. 5,6,15 as part of Lycaonia (within Cappadocia). From AD 381 at the latest, there was a diocese in Lycaonia (suffragan of Iconium), which continued to exist into the 12th cent. [1. 185]. Inscriptions, amongst those two which bear the town's name, are extant from the 2nd cent. AD [2] onwards. Belke, Klaus (Vienna) Bibliography 1 Belke 2 MAMA 8, XIII, 38-40.

(Λαοδίκεια; Laodíkeia). [German version] [1] Port-town in north-west Syria, modern Latakia This item can be found on the following maps: Syria | Theatre | | Coloniae | Commerce | Hellenistic states | Limes | Pompeius | Education / Culture (Λ. ἐπὶ τῇ θαλάσσῃ; L. epì têi thalássēi). Port in north-west Syria (now Latakia or al-Lāḏiqīya), not far from the Bronze Age Ugarit (Ra's Šamra). Founded by Seleucus I around 300 BC together with its sister towns of Antioch, Apamea and Seleucea (the so-called North Syrian Tetrapolis) and equipped with an…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Sassanids | Byzantium | Christianity | Xenophon | Zenobia | | Coloniae | Commerce | Ḫattusa | Asia Minor | Asia Minor | Rome (Ἰκόνιον; Ikónion, modern Konya). The most important city in Lycaonia developed out of a prehistoric settlement inhabited by the Phrygians (8th cent. BC); only in Xen. An. 1,2,19 is it mentioned as easternmost city of Phrygia, at the crossroads of major trading and military routes. In 25 BC, I. became part of the new province of Galatia along wit…

[German version] I. Name Strabo was the first to refer to the peninsula of Asia Minor (AM) west of the  Taurus (Str. 2,5,24; 12,1,3; cf. Plin. HN 5,27f.; Ptol. 5,2) as a single unit by the name of Asia in the narrower sense, as opposed to the continent of Asia. The term of Asia minor in this sense is first used in Oros. 1,2,26 (early 5th cent. AD). Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) [German version] II. Geography AM is the westernmost part of the Asian continent between 36° and 42° northern latitude, and 26° and 44° eastern longitude, stretching from the Aegean to the Euphrates ( c. 1,200 km), and fro…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: | Diadochi and Epigoni (Λάρανδα; Láranda). Hellenistic city in southern Lycaonia, modern Karaman, became part of Galatia in 25 BC and under Antoninus Pius belonged to the treís eparchíai. Member of the koinón Lykaonías with the honorary title of ( Sebastḗ) Mētrópolis (coins) [1. 25-32, 43f.]. Under Diocletianus annexed to the province of Isauria, around 370 to Lycaonia. Bishops known from the 3rd cent., from about 370 suffragan of Iconium [2. 197f.]. Belke, Klaus (Vienna) Bibliography 1 H. v. Aulock, Mz. und Städte Lykaon…

(Πολέμων/ Polémōn). [German version] [1] Academic philosopher, 4th-3rd cents. BC Academic philosopher, born c. 350, died probably in 276/5 BC. Xenocrates [2] introduced him to philosophy (legendary account of his vocation in Diog. Laert. 4,16 f.). P. succeeded him as head of the Academy. He taught Crates [3] and Crantor, as well as the Stoics Zeno of Citium and Ariston [7] of Chios. Very little remains of his many writings mentioned in ancient sources (Diog. Laert. 4,20; Suda s. v. Π 1887) (fr. collected in …

(Μένανδρος; Ménandros). [German version] [1] Joint strategos with Nicias, 414 BC The Athenians M. and Euthydemus [1], who were already in Sicily, were chosen as joint strategoi of Nicias towards the end of 414 BC, during the Sicilian Expedition, to support him until the relief expedition of Demosthenes [1] arrived (413) (Thucyd. 7,16,1; Plut. Nicias 20,2); re-elected 413/12 (Plut. Nicias 20,6-8; Thucyd. 7,69,4; Diod. 13, 13,2). Possibly identical with the M. who fought in Abydus in 409 (Xen. Hell. 1,2,16). He was stratēgós with Tydeus (405/4) in the defeat at Aigos potamoi (X…

(Ἁδριανόπολις; Hadrianópolis). [German version] [1] City in Paphlagonia Caesarea (Καισάρεια; Kaisáreia). City in Paphlagonia in the basin of Eskipazar (formerly Viranşehir), close to the fortress of Semail, the centre of the Paphlagonian region of Sanisene [2]. In 6/5 BC this, together with Potamia and Marmolitis, became a regio attributa [1. 116ff.] of the Paphlagonian eparchía of the province of Galatia, which was soon organized as the pólis of H. (originally Καισαρεῖς Προσειλημμενεῖται [1. no. 1]). Before AD 305/6 H. was defeated and became the province of…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Christianity (Δέρβη; Dérbē). City in the south of Lycaonia, now Devri Şehri, north-east of  Laranda. Known first as the residence of Antipater of D. (Cic. Fam. 13,73; Str. 12,1,4; 6,3). The Apostle Paul visited the city on his first and second missionary journeys (Acts 14,6; 16,1). Assigned by Ptolemy to the ‘Cappadocian’ stratēgía Antiochiánē (Ptol. 5,6,16); from the middle of the 2nd cent. AD member of the koinòn Lykaonı́as which was limited to south Lycaonia [1. 38-40, 67]. A Lycaonian diocese from no later …

(Κλαυδιούπολις; Klaudioúpolis). [German version] [1] Settlement in the Salo region This item can be found on the following maps: Celts | Asia Minor Old settlement in the Salo region (Abant Gölü, Bolu basin and surrounding alpine pastures), today known as Bolu (Str. 12,4,7). It was a suburb of the free  Mariandyni, conquered by  Zipoetes in 281/0 BC, and Galatian from c. 275/4 to 179 (the residential fortress of the north-western Tolistobogian tetrarchy is located south of Bolu at the spa of Karacasu, already ancient at that time). Newly founded as the po…

[German version] In modern scholarship the term T. includes all members of the Turkic language family. The term (Byzantine Greek Τοῦρκοι/ Toûrkoi, Latin Turci in Fredegard) is not attested before the 6th cent. AD; the oldest texts in the Turkish language date to the first half of the 8th cent. AD. Not least due to the terminological uncertainties, it still remains unclear for the period prior to the 6th cent. which of the peoples mentioned in Chinese, Tibetan, Iranian, Greek and Latin sources are to be associated with…

[German version] (Θέκλα/ Thékla, Latin Thecla). Despite the only relatively late literary evidence (Paul, Acts of; end of the 2nd cent. AD) for Paul's pupil T., she went on to become the most prominent female saint of Christian Late Antiquity. A sermon by Paul on abstinence motivated the young woman from Iconium in Asia Minor to abandon her plans to marry, in order to follow the Apostle instead. By miraculous divine interventions, T. survived two death sentences, but was nevertheless worshipped as a …

[German version] I. Term Ritual refers to an elaborate sequence of individual rites which, following an established ritual syntax, are logically connected within a certain functional context. Rituals are not limited to religious contexts but exist in other cultural contexts, political as well as social. The significance of rituals for those who participate in them can be reduced neither to an integrative function (legitimation ritual) nor to a temporary disabling of the regular structure - the two e…

[German version] I. General The construction of a network of roads and ways and the creation of long-distance roads always correlates with settlement construction and structure. A mixed settlement structure comprises compact settlements and dispersed homesteads in large number and is in evidence across wide areas of the ancient world for the most varied epochs. Such a settlement structure produces an especially dense network of traffic routes. Ancient roads were staked out on the principle of creati…

[German version] (Κόραλις λίμνη ( Kóralis límnē), erroneously often found as Κάραλις ( Káralis) [1. 3]). One of the most important lakes of central Anatolia between Lycaonia and Pisidia, today's Beyşehir Gölü. Only Str. 12,6,1 refers to it by the name of C.; in the Byzantine Middle Ages, it is usually called Pousgoýse límnē (Πουσγούση λίμνη). The drain of the lake flows through the south-eastern Trogítis límnē (today's Suğla Gölü), which is significantly smaller and largely drained today, and it irrigates as Çarşamba Suyu the plain south of  Iconium [2]. It must be distinguished fro…

[German version] A. ( 340/345 in  Cappadocia, † after 394) was a student of  Libanius and rhetorician in Constantinople. In 370 he returned to Cappadocia and at the instigation of  Basilius the Great became bishop of  Iconium in the newly created province of  Lycaonia in 373. He created an ecclesiastical administration in his episcopacy and defended it against the  Messalians and other heretics. Through his cousin  Gregorius of Nazianze, who converted him, a close friendship developed with the Cappadocians and later with circles in the capital.  Gregorius of Nyssa Savvidis, Kyriak…