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“Islam ,” no less than “Judaism,” is a construct, and its contents vary according to what Muslims, or Jews, or indeed anyone else, chooses to include in it. But in the case of Muslims and Jews, at least there are foundational texts that establish the general outlines of the construct and to some extent point the direction of its future development. What Muslims hold “Islam” to be is dictated in its broadest terms by the Quran, the text whose affirmation as the Word of God pr…