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1. Läufer und VorläuferL. im Sinne einer schnellen Fortbewegung zu Fuß wird hier als eine bes. trainierte Fertigkeit verstanden, deren Ausbreitung, Zweck und Bewertung sich im Laufe der Nz. wandelten. Als instrumentelle Fertigkeit wurde das L. vornehmlich von Boten ausgeübt, die Nachrichten zwischen Gemeinden, Klöstern, Höfen, Universitäten oder Kaufleuten überbrachten (Botenwesen). Mit der Ausbreitung des Post-Wesens verloren diese Botenläufer jedoch an Bedeutung und wurden schließlich im 18. Jh. nur noch jenseits der großen Postlinien sowie vom Adel eingesetzt, als Kuri…

Cigalazade Sinan Paşa (950/1–1014/1544–1606), or Yusuf Sinan b. Abdurrahman (Yūsuf Sinān b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān) according to the vakıfname ( waqfnāme, deed of foundation) of 1–10 Zilhicce (Dhūl-Ḥijja) 1012/1–10 May 1604 for his pious foundations in Istanbul (Ankara, Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü Arşivi (VGMA), Defter no. 611:32, 35), more commonly known as “Gazi Sinan Paşa” (or simply “Cağaloğlu”), served the Ottoman state as a grand admiral, commander-in-chief of the army, and grand vizier. He was born a Christian in Mess…

A. Location and research history [German source] The acropolis of Tiryns (cf. also Peloponnese 2.5.9.) stands on a low cliff near the Bay of  Nafplion/Nauplia. It is divided into upper, middle and lower citadels. The acropolis is surrounded by an extensive lower city, estimated at around 25 ha in area in the 12th century [5]; [10]. The excavations by Heinrich Schliemann and Wilhelm Dörpfeld between 1876 and 1885, which unearthed the palace on the upper citadel, paved the way for study of the site by the DAI that lasted until the 1920s [14].The discovery of the spring tunnels in the lo…

A. Lage und ForschungsgeschichteDie Akropolis von Tiryns (vgl. auch Peloponnes 2.5.9.) befindet sich nahe der Bucht von Nafplion/Nauplia auf einem niedrigen Felsen, der in eine Oberburg, Mittelburg und Unterburg unterteilt wird. Um die Akropolis erstreckt sich eine ausgedehnte Unterstadt, deren Größe für das 12. Jh. auf ca. 25 ha geschätzt wird [5]; [10]. Die Ausgrabungen durch Heinrich Schliemann und Wilhelm Dörpfeld zwischen 1876 und 1885, die zur Freilegung des Palastes auf der Oberburg führten, standen am Anfang einer bis in die 1920er Jahr…

Dt. Klass. Archäologe und Philologe. Geb. am 22. 7. 1806 bei Depenau in Holstein, gest. am 6. 8. 1859 in Halle. 1826 Studium der Klass. Phil. in Kiel, 1829 Prom. ebda.; 1831 Studium in Leipzig. 1832 Forschungsreise nach Griechenland; dort 1833 Ephoros (Aufseher) der Altertümer der Peloponnes, 1834–1836 Leiter des Antikendienstes. 1837–1843 Prof. der Arch. an der Univ. Athen; ab 1843 (aber zunächst noch freigestellt) Prof. der Klass. Arch. an der Univ. Halle an der Saale. Werdegang, Werk und Wirkung Nach dem Besuch der Gelehrtenschulen in Kiel und Plön studierte R. ab 182…

German classical archaeologist and philologist. Born Depenau (Holstein) 22. 7. 1806, died Halle 6. 8. 1859. 1826 studied classical philology at Kiel, 1829 doctorate there; 1831 studied at Leipzig. 1832 study tour of Greece; became ephor (superintendent) of antiquities for the Peloponnese there 1833, and was from 1834 to 1836 head of the antiquities service. 1837–1843 prof. of archaeology at Univ. of Athens; from 1843 (but appointment initially deferred) prof. of classical archaeology at Univ. of Halle an der Saale. Career, works and influence After attending Gelehrtenschule in Ki…

(a. Irūda, t. Anavarin), a seaport of the southwestern Morea [see mora ] or Peloponnesos, in Messenia, associated with modern Pylos town, which was built between 1828 and 1832 (population in 1971, 2,258), and situated behind the southern headland of Navarino Bay, a deepwater channel, as capital of Pylia eparchia ( = province) of Messenia nomos ( = diocese). Locally called Neokastron (“new fortress”) after the 16th century Turkish fortifications, it should not be confused with the 13th century Frankish Palaiokastron (“old fortre…

(Gr. Παιδομάζωμα “collecting boys”) is the name applied to the forcible pressing of Christian children to recruit the Janissary regiments, and for service in the Imperial palaces; the practice is said to have been first introduced by Sulṭān Ork̲h̲ān ( Taʾrīk̲h̲-i Ṣāf, of Tas̲h̲köprüzāde Kemāl, i. 8 and 21; ʿAtā taʾrīk̲h̲i, i. 13 et seq., 33 et seq.), but it is probable that there has been some confusion with the creation of the corps of Janissaries out of the penče contribution of prisoners-of-war, attributed to this Sulṭān; a reliable authority, Bartholomaeus de Jano, wri…

(Barbarossa), the famous Turkish corsair and Beylerbey of Algiers and brother of ʿArūd̲j̲ [q. v.]. In spite of the statement to the contrary by Haëdo, it is he who is referred to by the epithet Barberousse (Barbarossa, Aenobarbus) in the diplomatic correspondence of the French court. Born at Metellin about 888 (1483) he was at first a pirate under the command of his brother and acquired a great reputation for skill and bravery. When ʿArūd̲j̲ set out on his expedition against Tlemcen he gave his …

, Ottoman Sulṭān, son of Muḥammad II, was governor of Amasia at the ¶ time of his father’s death; a revolt of the Janissaries assured him the throne by foiling the intrigues of the Grand Vizier Nis̲h̲ānī Muḥammad who favoured Ḏj̲em, his younger brother; he rewarded their services by making them a gift on his accession which became a regular custom after him (21st Rabīʿ I 886 = 20th May 1481). Ḏj̲em seized Brusa but being beaten on the field of Yeni-S̲h̲ehr (26th Rabīʿ II = 20th June) he fled to Ḳōnia and then to Syria and Egypt; after a pilgrimage to the holy towns he tried his f…

is the usual name in mediaeval and modern times for the peninsula of the Peloponnesus which was regarded in ancient times as the citadel of Greece. The name Morea is first found in 1111 a. d. in the subscription to fol. 143r of the Greek manuscript Brit. Mus. Add. ¶ 28816 (cf. M. Vogel—Y. Gardthausen, Die griechischen Schreiber des Mittelalters and der Renaissance, Leipzig 1909, p. 28, 466, and also Byzantinisch-Neugriechische Jahrbücher, ix. 72). Originally the name Morea did not apply to the whole Peloponnesus but only to the outer mountains of Ichthya and the la…

, Ottoman sultan, succeeded his deposed brother Muṣṭafā II and was enthroned on the 10th Rabīʿ II 1115 (23d August 1703) at Adrianople. He immolated the persons the revolted Janizaries demanded, but as soon as he entered Constantinople he dismissed the Bostānd̲j̲i corps and replaced it by a levy (the last of that kind) of 1000 Christian boys. He had several Janizary chiefs executed or sent them into exile, and deposed the incapable Balṭad̲j̲i Muḥammed, whom he replaced by ʿAlī Pas̲h̲a of Čorlū (19th Muḥarram 118 = 3d May 1706). The Muntafiḳ ravaged the country around Baṣra and def…

(in European sources often Mehemed Ali or Mehemet Ali) was the well-known powerful viceroy of Egypt during the years 1805-1849 (which period comprises the entire reign of Sulṭān Maḥmūd II q. v.); and the founder of the khedivial, later royal dynasty of Egypt. Seen in the light of history his life-work fully entitles him to the epithet of “the Founder of Modern Egypt”. Muḥammad ʿAlī was born in 1769, possibly of Albanian extraction, in the town of Ḳawāla [q. v.] in Macedonia; he was engaged in the tobacco trade until he joined, as biñ bas̲h̲i in a corps of Albanian troops, the Turkish arm…

, the name of three rivers of Anatolia which are known in modern Turkish by this name, usually preceded by the pertinent epithet: Büyük ("Big"), Küçük ("Little"), and Eski ("Old"). They are the classical Maiandros, Kaystros and Skamandros. 1. Büyük Menderes . It is part of the geological and hydrological features of western Anatolia that consist of latitudinal mountain chains flanking long valleys, the latter used and enlarged by rivers that flow into the Aegean Sea. These valleys, the mountain slopes along them a…

(Class. Gk. Nauplīa, A. Anaboli, vern. Gk. Anāpli[on], Lat. Anapoli Romaniae, Ital. Napoli di Romania, Tk. AnaboluTnebolu), a coastal town and capital of Argolis nomos ( = diocese), in northeastern Morea [see mora ] or Peloponnesos, 13 km southeast of Argos (A. Arg̲h̲o, Tk. Arhos). A handy refuge for mariners, it is situated at the head of the Argolic Gulf, sitting on the northern slope of twin crags, the western Akronauplīa (Hellenistic/ Roman/Byzantine/Frankish), i.e. Tkish. Ič Ḳalʿe, forming a small peninsula in the bay, and…

(926-74/1520-66), the tenth and most illustrious of the Ottoman sultans. There is a tradition of western origin, still current, according to which he was really Süleymān II, but that tradition has been based on an erroneous assumption that Süleymān Čelebi [ q.v.] was to be recognised as a legitimate sultan; he was one of the sons of Bāyezīd I, who established himself at Adrianople after his defeat at Ankara. He received the epithet Ḳānūnī “the lawgiver” at an unspecified date; this is first mentioned at the beginning of the 18th century in the work of the historian D…

, Turkish for Morea, the usual name in mediaeval and modern times for the peninsula of the Peloponnesus (which itself appears in Arabic geographical sources in forms like the B.L.būn.s of Ibn Ḥawḳal, ed. Kramers, 194, tr. Kramers and Wiet, 189), regarded in ancient times as the heartland of Greece. For the various forms of the name, see Bées, EI 1, s.v. 1. The pre-Ottoman period to 1460. This may subdivided into (a) the Byzantine period to 1204 and the Frankish one to 1262 (or to the late early 16th century for certain areas); and (b) the Byzantine despotate of Morea to 1458/1460. The pre-1262 pe…

N. Arsanās R. The Fertile Crescent Under the Umayyad and ʿAbbāsid Caliphs – 20/21 D1;  The Fertile Crescent in the Age of the Crusades circa 534/1140 – 22/23 D1;  The Fertile Crescent in the 11th/17th and 12th/18th Centuries – 24/25 D1 N. al-Balīkh R. The Fertile Crescent Under the Umayyad and ʿAbbāsid Caliphs – 20/21 D2;  The Fertile Crescent in the Age of the Crusades circa 534/1140 – 22/23 D2;  The Fertile Crescent in the 11th/17th and 12th/18th Centuries – 24/25 D2 N. Bihār Islam in India – 63b C2 N. Danābris R. Two Arabic world maps: The World According to Al-Idrīsī 549/1154 - T…

The Emperors of ‘Romania’ 1204–1261 Baldwin I of Flanders 1204–1205 Henry of Flanders 1206–1216 Peter of Courtenay 1217 Yolanda 1217–1219 Interregnum 1219–1221 Robert of Courtenay 1221–1228 Baldwin II 1228–1261, with John of Brienne 1231–1237 The Great Comneni of Trebizond David I 1204–1214 Alexius I 1204–1222 Andronicus I 1222–1235 John I 1235–1238 Manuel I 1238–1263 Andronicus II 1263–1266 George Comnenus 1266–1280 John II 1280–1284; 1285–1297 Theodora 1284/85 Alexius II 1297–1330 Andronicus III Comnenus 1330–1332 Manuel II 1332 Basilius 1332–1340 Irene Palaeologina 13…

Nabada Mesopotamia in the 2nd half of the 3rd millennium BC – 10B, B1;   10C, B1;   11A, B1 Nabataioi / Nabataeans (ppl.) The kingdoms of the Diadochi (c. 303 BC) – 115, C2;   City foundations and educational establishments in the Hellenistic period (4th–2nd cents. BC) – 118;   Egypt from the 4th to 1st cents. BC – 120f.;   The six Syrian Wars (275/74 –168 BC) – 123, C4-E4;   The Hellenistic world in the 2nd cent. BC – 129, C3/4;   Syria and Palestine, 2nd and 1st cents. BC – 130f.;   Trading routes in the Hellenistic period (4th–1st cents. BC) – 134f.;   The three Roman war…