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[German version] A. Origin and senatorial career Roman Emperor AD 117-138. Son of Senator P. Aelius Hadrianus Afer and one Domitia Paulina; his home town was  Italica in the Spanish province of Baetica. Born on 24 January 76 probably in Rome as P. Aelius Hadrianus. When he was 10 years of age he lost his father, who had achieved the rank of praetor. The eques Acilius Attianus and the senator (later emperor) M. Ulpius Traianus, his great-uncle (see stemma in [1. 308]), both likewise from Italica, became his guardians. At an early age he was made acquainted wi…

[German version] Celtic people in the area around Comum (Str. 4,6,6: Οὐέννωνες/ Ouénnōnes), subjugated by the Roman proconsul P. Silius [II 7] in 16 BC (Cass. Dio 54,20,1: Οὐέννιοι/ Ouénnioi), probably identical with the Vennonetes mentioned by Plin. HN 3,136 in an inscription on the Tropaeum Alpium (CIL V 7817; Tropaea Augusti ). The V. mentioned in Str. 4,6,8 as a subtribe of the Vindelici should probably be distinguished from the latter, and similarly the Vennonenses located by Plin. HN 3,135 on the upper reaches of the Rhenus [2]; these in turn are presumably the Οὐέννονες ( Ou énnones…

[German version] Imp. Caes. P. Licinius Egnatius G. Augustus, born c. AD 218 near Milan ([Aur. Vict.] epit. Caes. 33,3), son of the later emperor P. Licinius Valerianus and Egnatia Mariniana. Valerian, who had himself proclaimed emperor in September/October 253, immediately appointed G. Caesar, then Augustus, and had this confirmed by the Senate with a territorial allocation of responsibilities: Valerian went to the east to confront the Persian threat, G. went to the west to defend the Rhine and Danube bo…

Name of probably the most important Roman plebeian family. The similarity to the Etruscan name lecne and the links between the gens and Etruria in historical times (L. [I 7]) suggest an origin in that region [1. 108, n. 3]; the name may, however, also be of Latin origin ( Licinus). The spelling with a double ‘n’ occurs not only in the Greek form Λικίννιος ( Likínnios), but also in Latin inscriptions [1. 108, n. 1]. In the annalistic historical records dealing with the early Republic, members of the family appear among the earliest people's tribunes, reaching their polit…

[German version] I. Up to subjugation by Rome Region and Roman province to the north and east of the Danube (Ister [2]), bordered in the south by the region south of the Savus; the western border ran west of the line between Vindobona, Poetovio and Emona, now the western part of Hungary, the Slovakian territory around Gerulata, the Austrian around the Viennese Basin and Burgenland, as well as the northern strip of Slovenia, Croatia and Serbia. The country was named after its original inhabitants (Παννόνιοι/ Pannónioi, cf. Str. 7,5,2; Παίονες/ Paíones, cf. 1,1,10). This lllyrian group…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Raeti, Raetia Modern Weißenburg in Bavaria. Large fort (5.1 ha.) of the ala I Hispanorum Auriana; nearby the fort ‘Breitung’ (3.5 ha.), possibly of the cohors IX Batavorum. Civilian settlement of more than 30 ha. in size, with restored thermae; magnificent treasure trove of the 3rd cent. AD. Dietz, Karlheinz (Würzburg) Bibliography H.-J. Kellner, in: W. Czsyz, K. Dietz, Th. Fischer, Id. (ed.), Die Römer in Bayern, 1995, 534-536.

Näf, Beat (Zürich RWG) [German version] A. Antiquity and Swiss History (CT) [32] Long before the foundation of the modern federal state (1848), the history of the various ancient peoples and cultures on the territory of present-day Switzerland (S.) was understood as constituting a thematic unity. Such an understanding of history is found at the period of the 13-town Confederacy (1513-1798). Ancient Helvetia in particular was seen as fundamental to the understanding of the later history and the present. Afte…

[German version] A. Origin and adoption by Caesar Born on 23 September 63 BC in Rome as the son of C.  Octavius and  Atia [1], from an affluent family that did not belong to the nobility. A. lost his father at the age of four and was raised by his mother, a niece of Caesar (Tac. Dial. 28,5), first in Velitrae, then in the house of his stepfather L. Marcius Philippus (Nic. Damas. FGrH 2 A no. 90 F 127,5, whose biography dates back to the autobiography of A.). In 51, A. made the funerary speech for his grandmother Iulia (Suet. Aug. 8,1). On 18 October 48, he took on the toga virilis and soon thereafter was…

[German version] (Breones). Tribe living in the inner Alps in  Raetia, subjugated by Drusus in 15 BC; often mentioned in connection with the Genauni (e.g. Hor. Carm. 4,14,11: veloces; Plin. HN 3,137), they were wrongly associated with the Brenner Pass. Under the name of Breones, they were still active as a group in late antiquity (Cassiod. Var. 1,11,2; Venetius Fortunatus, Vita Martini 4,645; Carm. praef. 4), and gave their name to a diocese (Acta Conc. Oec. IV 2,135 § 18 v. 591). Dietz, Karlheinz (Würzburg) Bibliography TIR L 32,39 H. Wolfram, Tiroler Randgruppen, in: FS A. Betz, …

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Villanova Culture | Raeti, Raetia Chief town of a Ligurian tribe of the Golasecca culture, inhabited since the 12th cent. BC (necropolis of the Ca' Morta), modern Como. Strong influence of the Celtic Insubres [1. 207f.] of the Padana. Control of the lacus Larius and one of the most important passes across the Alps. Reached by the Romans in 196 BC (Liv. 33,36f.), C. became a ‘fictive’ Roman colonia in 89 (based on the lex Pompeia: Str. 5,1,6). Expanded by one of the Scipiones (83 or 77 BC) and refounded by Caesar as N…

[German version] Flavius N., of Germanic origin. In AD 358 leader of a cavalry unit in Raetia (Amm. Marc. 17,6,3), in 361 promoted by Iulianus [11] to magister equitum (Amm. Marc. 21,8,1). In 361/62 N. was part of the court in Calchedon against the supporters of Constantius [2] II (Amm. Marc. 22,3,1), and he was consul in 362 and the commander of the Persian campaign of 363 (Amm. Marc. 24,1,2). After the death of Iulianus he sided with a party of ‘Gauls’ in the conflict surrounding the succession (Amm. Marc. 25,5,2). After…

[German version] C. Octavius Appius S. Sabinus. Senator from Histonium; his father was already a senator. Admitted to the Senate under Septimius [II 7] Severus. After junior posts, legate to the legio XXII Primigenia; took part as dux vexillationis in Caracalla’s expeditio Germanica; governor of Raetia in AD 213, cos. ord. in 214; then iudex instead of the emperor in a province; praefectus alimentorum and appointed ad corrigendum statum Italiae. Governor of Pannonia inferior in 216/17 and of a further consular province; procos. of Africa c. 230. In 240 for the second time cos. ord.; cf. …

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Raeti, Raetia Pre-Roman station servicing the road connections from the Upper Rhine to the Alpine passes (Bernardino, Spluegen, Julier) that lead towards Italy, today known as Chur. The place was most likely a Roman vicus from the time of the Augustan Alpine campaign. Despite the important traffic location, the Romanization between Lake Constance and the Alps was weak [1. 67-72]. Archaeological finds: modest Roman finds in the ‘Welschdörfli’. In the 4th cent. AD building of the…

[German version] Mansio (possibly founded in the 2nd cent. AD; It. Ant. 275; 280; Tab. Peut. 4,2: Vepiteno) in the Val d'Isarco in South Tyrol, modern Vipiteno on the Via Claudia Augusta, which led from Pons [8] Drusi and Altinum over the Brenner Pass to Augusta [7] Vindelicum (modern Augsburg). Not located, probably between Matreia and Sublavione. In the Bronze and Iron Ages the region around V. was probably inhabited by autochthonous pre-Indo-European peoples, generally described by the Romans as the Raeti. A…

(Μάρκος; Márkos). I. Greek [German version] [I 1] The Evangelist, [1] (Lat. Marcus). The author of the second Gospel (Mk) could be a missionary (Iohannes) M. who is often mentioned in the NT especially in close association with Paulus (Acts 12:12:25; Phm 24 among others) (for example, for the first time Papias around AD 130, see Euseb. Hist. eccl. 3,39,15). The fact that evidence of a closeness to Paul's theology can barely be found [3] is an argument against this identification, while the straightforwardn…

[German version] [1] Roads and bridges, construction of see Roads and bridges, construction of Eder, Walter (Berlin) [German version] [2] Voting bridge The term pons (generally in the plural form of pontes) was also used for the narrow 'voting bridges' in Rome which members of the comitia had to cross on the way to cast their votes. It is argued that the saying Sexagenarios de ponte (deicere) with its incitement to throw sixty-year olds from the bridge (Cic. Rosc. Am. 100; Fest. 452; Macrob. Sat. 1,5,10) stemmed from the demand by younger voters to bar older o…

[German version] [II 0] C. Celsus Presiding procurator in Raetia until AD 139 when he was replaced by Sempronius Liberalis [1]; his name should probably also be added to RMD II 94 = AE 1984,706. Eck, Werner (Cologne) Bibliography 1 K. Dietz, Ein neues Militärdiplom aus Alteglofsheim, Lkr. Regensburg, in: Beiträge zur Arch. in der Oberpfalz 3, 1999, 225-256.

[German version] (Οὐινδόλικοι/ Ouindólikoi). Celtic people on the Upper Bavarian-Upper Swabian plateau, probably also in Vorarlberg and Tyrol. According to an inscription on the Tropaeum Alpium (Tropaea Augusti; cf. CIL V 7817; Plin. HN 3,136 f.; CIL V 4910: Vindolici), there were at least four sub-tribes of the V.; according to Plin. HN 1,133 many sub-tribes made up the V. Str. 4,6,8 counts the Licattii (Licates, with Damasia), the Clautenatii (Κλαυτηνάτιοι/ Klautēnátioi), the Vennones who were probably rather Raetian, the Estiones (Ἐστίωνες/ Estíōnes, with Cambodunum [1]/m…

[German version] A. Politics, literature and law The collective social behaviour that in Greek was described as λῃστεία/ lēisteía and in Lat. as latrocinium (literally ‘robbery’) included attacks by robbers on land as well as raids by pirates out at sea ( Piracy). It was a form of personal exercise of power that was defined by the legitimate political powers in the ancient Mediterranean, and at the same time stood in opposition to them. From the archaic period down into late antiquity, the history of banditry was char…

[German version] According to Polybius (Pol. 2,22,1; 2,34), the G. were a Gallic tribe, living in the Alps and along the Rhône; G. went into service as mercenaries, hence their name (Pol. 2,22,1). They took part in the Gallic invasion of Italy in 225 BC, but were beaten off, and subsequently defeated in 222 BC. Gaesum is also the name of a Gallic spear (Caes. B Gall. 3,4), sometimes carried by lightly armed Roman troops (Liv. 8,8,5). In the early Principate, auxiliary troops recruited from Raetia and apparently equipped with this kind of spear were referred to as gaesati. They were stationed…