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1. Concept “Fundamental theology” is a comprehensive term used to describe reflection that is basic to theology as a whole. The term has been used in a variety of ways…

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[German Version] The expression communio sanctorum, an explanatory addition to “the holy church” in the Apostles' Creed, first appears in the context of pre-baptismal instruction in the catechetical sermon De symbolo of Bishop Nicetas of Remesiana. It soon came into widespread use, especially in Gaul. It may be interpreted as a reference to the sanctorum omnium congregatio (Nicetas), to those who have achieved perfection (in the context of veneration of the saints), or to participation in the sacraments. Luther recognized communio sanctorum as a gloss clarifying the signific…

[German Version] I. Dogmatics – II. Liturgy – III. Music – IV. Canon Law I. Dogmatics In the Vulgate, the Latin term communio, along with the more frequent translations communicatio and societas, renders the New Testament word κοινωνία ( koinōnía). It gained ecclesiological content primarily through the Apostles' Creed, which adopted Augustine's description of the church as the communio sanctorum including not only the elect, but also the angels. The communio evidenced in the NT as participation in the benefits of salvation in worship became the starting point for the expansion of the meaning of the word in various directions. On on…

[German Version] The sacredness (or holiness) of the church is stated in principle in Eph 5:27: Christ sanctifies the church by cleansing it with the washing of water; it is then “holy” ( hágia, sancta) and without blemish, i.e. sinless. The creeds adopted the predicate of holiness as one of the essential marks of the church (BSLK 24). In the course of time, the sense of the church’s holiness was extended from moral spotlessness to include purity from heretical doctrine (sixth Synod of Toledo, 638; DH 49…

[German Version] I. Territory – II. History – III. Statistics I. Territory The territory of Oldenburg was absorbed in 1946 into the Land of Lower Saxony, but within the structures of the Protestant and Catholic churches, it retains more or less the boundaries of the duchy of Oldenburg determined by the Congress of Vienna (Vienna, Congress of), comprising the administrative districts of Friesland, Wesermarsch, Ammerland, Oldenburg, Cloppenburg, and Vechta, and the independent cities of Wilhelmshaven, Oldenburg, and Delmenhorst.…

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[German Version] I. Concept – II. Religious Studies – III. Early Christianity – IV. Early Church to the Reformation – V. Modern Era – VI. Orthodox Churches – VII. Asia, Africa, Latin America – VIII. Systematic Theology – IX. Ethics – X. Practical Theology – XI. Ecumenical Discussion – XII. Law I. Concept 1. Theology The loan-word, church, which in common parlance can mean both the Christian worship service and the building dedicated to its performance as well as the constituted social configuration of Christian faith in the sense of an institution and its representative organs, apparently stems from an adjectival derivative of the Greek substantive κύριος/ kýrios. While, in accordance with this etymolog…

[German Version] (1504, Altmorschen, near Melsungen – Aug 26, 1575, Northeim). After receiving a master’s degree at Erfurt, he became rector of the Latin school in Melsungen, for which ordination was not required. In 1530 the city council of Göttingen appointed him pastor of Sankt Nikolai and commissioned him to introduce the Reformation into the city; in 1535 he became superintendent and pastor of the Johanniskirche. Upon his inquiry, Luther advised him against a belated ordination (letter of Mar 1, 1542). In 1542 Philip of ¶ Hesse called him to introduce the Reformation in Schweinfurt but the Schmalkaldic War forced him to leave. After brief service in Allendorf an der Werra, he returned to Göttingen in 1548 as pastor of Sankt Albani; there he took a conciliatory position in the conflict over the Augsburg Interim. In 1555 he moved to Northeim, where he remained as pastor of Sankt Sixti until his death. Rolf Schäfer Bibliography P. Tschackert, “Magister Johann Sutel,” ZGNKG 2, 1897, 1–140 EKO 11/1, 1961, 617–648 R. Schäfer, Gotteslehre und kirchliche Praxis, 1991, 264–285.

Part of 16 Lamentations - 16.2 Ancient Hebrew TextsThe manuscript 4QLam (4Q111; 16.2.1.2) preserves remains of a Lamentations text distinct from mt-Lam (16.2.2). It was first publishe…

Part of 16 Lamentations - 16.2 Ancient Hebrew Textsmt-Lam is the only available complete Hebrew text of Lamentations. The poetic lines, which are in general very regular throughout the five poems,1 as well as the rigorou…

[English Version] I. Territorium Das Land O. ging zwar als Staat 1946 im Bundesland Niedersachsen auf, bewahrt aber in den Grenzen der ev. und der kath. Kirche ziemlich genau den Umfang, den das »Herzogtum« O. durch den Wiener Kongreß angenommen hatte mit den Landkreisen Friesland, Wesermarsch, Ammerland, O., Cloppenburg und…

[English Version] Sutel, Johann (1504 Altmorschen bei Melsungen – 26.8.1575 Northeim), bekleidete nach dem Studium in Erfurt als Magister ein Schulamt in Melsungen, für das er keine Priesterweihe benötigte. 1530 berief ihn der Rat der Stadt Göttingen als Pfarrer an St. Nikolai und beauftragte ihn mit der Durchführung der Reformation der Stadt (1535 Stadtsuperintendent an St. Johannis). Auf seine Anfrage hin riet ihm Luther (Brief vom 1.3.1531) von einer nachträglichen Ordin…