[German version] The vicani (‘villagers’) N. (CIL XIII 1373f.) settled on a hill in the territory of the Bituriges Cubi (modern Néris, Dépt. Allier); the rise of the vicus from the time of Augustus was due to thermal springs ( Aquae Neri, Tab. Peut. 2,3) and its position at the intersection of the Augustonemetum - Limonum and Avaricum - Augustonemetum roads (CIL XIII 8922) to the south of the civitas Biturigum Cubum. It became a municipality: two baths (restoration of the southern bath by L. Julius Equester, CIL XIII 1376-1381), two aqueducts, a building for th…

(Μεδιολάν[ι]ον/ Mediolán[i]on). [German version] [1] Modern Milan This item can be found on the following maps: Socii (Roman confederation) | Theatre | Christianity | | Coloniae | Italy, languages | Pilgrimage | Regio, regiones | Rome | Batavian Revolt The modern city of Milan. It was founded in the early 4th cent. BC by the Insubres (Liv. 5,34,9) at the juncture of several Alpine valleys in the Padus/Po plain (Pol. 2,34,10); in 222 BC, it was captured by Cn. Scipio; it was later to become the most important city of that region (Pol.…

[English version] The term 'oratorio' denotes very diverse musical works, whose commonality can be expressed as follows:  major vocal compositions with instrumental accompaniment, depicting a plot of usually sacred subject matter, intended for unstaged and extra-liturgical performance. In the context of the reception of Antiquity, three elements are of interest: the beginnings of the oratorio in 17th-cent. Italy, 18th-cent. efforts at reform and the choosing (albeit infrequent) of ancient materials. The term 'oratorio' derives from the Ecclesiastical Latin name fo…

Werdehausen, Anna Elisabeth [German version] A. Definition, Characterisation (CT) The term columniation is used to denote a fundamental element of form in ancient and classical modern architecture, comprising the supporting element of the column and the supported element of the horizontal entablature. Unlike other support and articulation systems, columniation is governed by fixed formal and proportional rules: a column of human proportion (Proportions, theory of) consists of a base, a shaft and a capital,…

[German version] A. Definition Since the 1920s sociologists (Chicago School) have studied the phenomenon of marginalized groups (MG). In the German-speaking countries scholars have used the term ( Randgruppen) since the 60s. MG are defined as minorities ‘who are seen by the majority as outside of the social norm, and who therefore have the status of social outsiders ... groups who are socially declassed and/or are socially despised. A significant percentage of them live in poverty’ [3. 666]. Population groups whose values,…

I. Greek [German version] A. Beginnings The epigram was a part of Greek literature throughout its entire history (the oldest documents coincide with the first examples of alphabetic script) and originally consisted of a short verse inscription or label on vases, cups, votive gifts, funeral steles, herms, etc. The occasion was always real and could be public or private in nature. The metre of the epigram was the epic hexameter, sporadically in combination with a dactylic pentameter, an iambic trimeter,…

Esch, Arnold [German version] I. History and Interpretation (CT) Esch, Arnold [German version] A. Main Features of Rome's Urban History (CT) After the end of the Roman Empire and the dissolution of government structures, it increasingly fell to the Church as the only institution still intact, and also the largest landowner, to take on secular tasks: political negotiations, organization of the grain distribution, repair of the city's fortifications and aqueducts and many more. Since the Byzantine emperor ruled Rome i…