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Schwarz, Rudolf

(180 words)

Author(s): Freigang, Christian
[German Version] (May 15, Straßburg [Strasbourg] – Apr 3, 1961, Cologne), architect and city planner. Influenced by the Liturgical Movement (R. Guardini) and critical of historicist architecture, Schwarz strove to give church buildings a universally meaningful, “resacralized” form. Interiors with a clear geometrical design, control of light, and reduction of appointments (lamps, armoires) communicate the direct involvement of the building and the assembled community in the liturgical action (expansion of Burg Rothenfels am Main of the ¶ Catholic Jugendbewegung [III] Quic…

Wren, Sir Christopher

(203 words)

Author(s): Freigang, Christian
[German Version] (Oct 20, 1632, East Knoyle – Feb 25, 1723, London), the most highly acclaimed English architect of the Baroque period, who popularized the Neoclassical architectural idiom in England. After a broad academic and scientific education, he devoted himself to research and teaching; he did not take up architecture until 1661 (renovation of Old Saint Paul’s, London; study in Paris). After the Great Fire of London in 1666, Wren was responsible for the rebuilding of 47 city churches, emplo…

Pugin, August Welby Northmore

(221 words)

Author(s): Freigang, Christian
[German Version] (Mar 1, 1812, London – Sep 14, 1852, Ramsgate, Kent), English Gothic Revival architect (like his father, Augustus Charles Pugin, and his son, Edward Welby Pugin), craftsman, and writer. Pugin had a broad influence on the 19th-century rediscovery of medieval art (George Gilbert Scott, Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, arts and crafts movement). Influenced by the Catholic reform movement in England (with his own conversion to Catholicism in 1835), Pugin preached the “authenticity” and beauty o…

Sacristy

(495 words)

Author(s): Jordahn, Ottfried | Freigang, Christian
[German Version] I. Liturgy The sacristy ( sacristia; historically also secretarium,sacrarium, or vestiarium) is a separate room in a church building, usually near the altar, that communicates with the body of the church. It serves various purposes meant to be kept from public view. The word’s ultimate derivation from Latin sacer, “holy, sacred,” suggests its use as a place to store the sacred liturgical implements, paraments, and vestments (Vestments/Paraments, Vestments, Liturgical), as well as the liturgical books. The consecrated elements of the Eucharist ( reliqua sacramen…

Sarcophagus/Urn/Ossuary

(793 words)

Author(s): Koch, Guntram | Freigang, Christian
[German Version] I. Bronze Age to Late Antiquity It is important to distinguish between a sarcophagus to hold a dead body, an urn for the ashes of a person who has been cremated, and an ossuary to hold the bones of the dead after the flesh has decayed (see also Burial). These receptacles were generally buried; they were not visible and were therefore simple. In some areas and in some periods, it became customary to make them out of marble or other kinds of stone and decorate them with representational or ornamental reliefs. In Greek areas sarcophagi were the exception (6th–4th cents. bce). The E…

Ronchamp, Notre-Dame-du-Haut

(269 words)

Author(s): Freigang, Christian
[German Version] (Département Haute-Saône), Marian pilgrimage church in the French Jura destroyed in World War II (1944), and rebuilt between 1950 and 1955 by the French-Swiss architect Le Corbusier (Church building: II, 4.b.β; illus. 87). The basic design of the hall church is a trapeze, with sides sweeping outwards, and the construction is of thick, undulating, and slightly sloping walls, surmounted by a roof skin that billows upwards and juts far out, rising to the east. The inside, faintly lit through slits and by a row of…

St. Paul’s Cathedral (London)

(304 words)

Author(s): Freigang, Christian
[German Version] The original London cathedral, begun by Bishop Mellitus in 604, was replaced between 1087 and 1148 by a three-aisle Romanesque church more than 100 m long. The crossing tower, completed in 1221/1222, was extended at the beginning of the 14th century; until destroyed by fire in 1561, it was some 150 m high. The crypt and choir, proportional to the nave, were constructed between c. 1258 and 1327 (esp. in the last quarter of the 13th cent.), modeled on Ely Cathedral (choir ending in …

Church Architecture

(29,358 words)

Author(s): Freigang, Christian | White, Susan J. | Schellewald, Barbara | Takenaka, Masao | Walls, Andrew F. | Et al.
[German Version] I. General – II. The West – III. Theology and Practical Theology – IV. Orthodox Churches – V. Asia, Africa, Latin America I. General Churches are built to provide a physical setting for the Christian celebration of the Eucharist, in order to shelter it and also to give it a place of prominence set apart from the outside world. The Bible does not discuss the legitimation and need for churches as distinct structures; historically, church buildings made their first appearance at th…

Chapel

(329 words)

Author(s): Freigang, Christian
[German Version] (Lat. cappella, also: oratorium, sacellum, aedicula). A chapel is a sacred space, often small, and not independent in terms of canon law (Church architecture); it is usually used exclusively for prayer and worship. From the late 9th century, the term, derived from the cloak relic ( cappa) of St. Martin of Tours, referred to the royal treasury of relics and insignia, the court clergy, and the oratoria of the royal palatinates; the most important of them, the palatinate chapel in Aachen, was erected…

Riegl, Alois

(935 words)

Author(s): Freigang, Christian
Austrian art historian. Born Linz 14. 1. 1858, died Vienna 19. 6. 1905. Studied law, philosophy, history and history of art with Rudolf Eitelberger and Moriz Thausing at the Institut für Österreichische Geschischtsforschung in Vienna. Doctorate there 1883. 1886–1897 worked in the textile department of the Österreichische Museum für Kunst und Industrie in Vienna. 1889 habil.; 1895 prof. ext., 1897 prof. ord. at Vienna Univ. Work and influence R. belongs to the generation of the most important ‘formalists’ (with August Schmarsow, Heinrich Wölfflin), who rejected t…

Warburg, Aby

(1,120 words)

Author(s): Freigang, Christian
German art historian and cultural scholar. Born Hamburg 13. 6. 1866, died there 26. 10. 1929. 1886–1892 studied art history etc. with Karl Justi, Hermann Usener and Karl Lamprecht at Bonn, then, when Justi refused to supervise his dissertation, at Strasbourg with Hubert Janitschek and Adolf Michaelis. 1895/96 visited United States, where he studied Native American rituals. Then spent time in Florence. From 1904 private scholar in Hamburg; refused several teaching positions. From 1905, made his s…

Wickhoff, Franz

(469 words)

Author(s): Freigang, Christian
Austrian classical archaeologist and art historian. Born Steyr 7. 5. 1853, died Venice 6. 4. 1909. Studied at Vienna with Theodor von Sickel (history), Alexander Conze (archaeology) and Rudolf Eitelberger and Moritz Thausing (art history). 1880 diss. on Dürer’s studies of antiquity. 1879–1885 curator of the textile collection at the Österreichisches Museum für Kunst und Industrie; from 1885 prof. ext., 1891–1909 prof. ord. (successor to Thausing) at the Univ. of Vienna. Work and influence With W., critico-historical art history arrived in Vienna. In terms of the histo…

Warburg, Aby

(909 words)

Author(s): Freigang, Christian
Dt. Kunsthistoriker und Kulturwissenschaftler. Geb. am 13. 6. 1866 in Hamburg, gest. am 26. 10. 1929 ebda. 1886–1892 Studium u. a. der Kunstgesch. bei Karl Justi, Hermann Usener und Karl Lamprecht in Bonn, dann, nach Justis Ablehnung der Diss.-Betreuung, in Straßburg bei Hubert Janitschek und Adolf Michaelis. 1895/96 Aufenthalt in den USA, dabei Studium indianischer Rituale; anschließend Aufenthalt in Florenz. Ab 1904 Privatgelehrter in Hamburg; Ablehnung mehrerer Lehrangebote. Ab 1905 öffentlic…

Wickhoff, Franz

(407 words)

Author(s): Freigang, Christian
Österr. Klass. Archäologe und Kunsthistoriker. Geb. am 7. 5. 1853 in Steyr, gest. am 6. 4. 1909 in Venedig. Studium in Wien bei Theodor von Sickel (Gesch.), Alexander Conze (Arch.) sowie bei Rudolf Eitelberger und Moritz Thausing (Kunstgesch.); 1880 Diss. über Dürers Antikenstudien. 1879–1885 Kustos der Textilsammlung des Österr. Museums für Kunst und Industrie; ab 1885 Extraordinarius, 1891–1909 als Nachfolger Thausings Ordinarius an der Univ. Wien. Werk und Wirkung Mit W. hielt in Wien eine histor.-kritisch ausgerichtete Kunstgeschichte Eingang. Methodenges…

Riegl, Alois

(767 words)

Author(s): Freigang, Christian
Österr. Kunsthistoriker. Geb. am 14. 1. 1858 in Linz, gest. am 19. 6. 1905 in Wien. Studium von Jura, Philosophie und Gesch. sowie Kunstgesch. bei Rudolf Eitelberger und Moriz Thausing am Institut für Österr. Gesch.-Forschung in Wien; Prom. 1883 ebda. 1886–1897 an der Textilabteilung des Österr. Museums für Kunst und Industrie in Wien tätig. 1889 Habil.; 1895 Extraordinarius, 1897 Ordinarius an der Wiener Univ. Werk und Wirkung R. gehört zur Generation der wichtigsten »Formalisten« (mit August Schmarsow, Heinrich Wölfflin), die in Abkehr von einer durch Jac…