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1. Westliche Ausprägungen 1.1. Begriffsgeschichte Der Ausdruck R. ist erstmals im Titel einer 1770 erschienenen Schrift des dt. Theologen Abraham Friedrich Rückersfelders belegt [11]. Sigismund von Storchenau griff ihn 1772 in seinem Werk Die Philosophie der Religion [15] auf; Karl Leonhard Reinhold führte den Begriff ›Philosophie der Religion‹ dann in die Diskussion um Kants Moraltheologie ein [10. 185, 238]. Ab den 1790er Jahren wurde R. häufig gebraucht und dann auch rasch zur Bezeichnung einer philosophischen Disziplin [19]; [20]. Zuerst blieben die beiden Ausdrücke …

1. Begriff und UrsprungCh., von griech. chília (»tausend«) – auch »Millenarismus« (nach lat. millenium) genannt – bezeichnet die Vorstellung einer tausend Jahre langen irdischen Heilszeit unter der Herrschaft des wiedergekommenen Christus am Ende der Zeit (Messias). Nach Offenbarung 20,1–7 sollen vor der allgemeinen Totenauferstehung, dem Jüngsten Gericht und dem ewigen Heil die im Voraus auferweckten Märtyrer und Bekenner mit Christus zusammen tausend Jahre lang in einem Friedensreich (im Goldenen Zeitalter) auf Erden herrschen.Hans-Peter Großhans2. Historischer und…

1. AllgemeinDas Wort W. (lat. veritas, franz. vérité) bedeutete indogerman. »Achtung«, »Zustimmung«, »Treue« (daher engl. truth); auch griech. alḗtheia (wörtlich »Unverborgenheit«) wurde für die Begriffsgeschichte wichtig. Die lebenspraktischen Fragen, ob eine Behauptung oder Mitteilung wahr ist, an welchen Maßstäben dies zu messen und zu erkennen ist, finden in jeder Kultur implizite oder explizite Antworten; die Frage, was W. sei, tritt zutage, sobald eine Kultur in Religion und Wissenschaft reflexiv wird. In E…

1. Wortgeschichte und BedeutungDas dt. Substantiv I. ist eine spezifische Erscheinung der späten Nz., auch wenn sich innkerkeit bereits im frühen 14. Jh. bei Meister Eckhart für »innerer Mensch« nachweisen lässt [3. 419]. Klopstock verwendete das Wort erstmals 1779 für ein poetisches Verfahren (Poetik), das die eigentliche, innerste Beschaffenheit einer Sache heraushebt. Ab 1787 gebrauchte auch Goethe den Begriff zur Bezeichnung der inneren Natur des Menschen oder der Nation [12]. Danach wurde er v. a. von G. W. F. Hegel im Zusammenhang mit der Vermittlung des Inneren…

1. History and meaning of the wordThe German noun  Innerlichkeit (roughly “inwardness”) is a word specific to the late early modern period, even though  innerkeit was already used by Meister Eckhart in the early 14th century for the “inner self” [3. 419]. Klopstock used the word for the first time in 1779 for a poetic technique (Poetics) that brings out the authentic, innermost nature of an object. After 1787 Goethe also used it to denote the inner nature of an individual or nation [12]. Later it was used especially by G.W.F. Hegel in connection with mediation between the …

1. Western variants 1.1. Terminological historyThe term “philosophy of religion” is first attested in the title of a 1770 treatise by the German theologian Abraham Friedrich Rückersfelder [11]. Sigismund von Storchenau then used it in 1772 in his work  Die Philosophie der Religion (“The Philosophy of Religion”) [15], before Karl Leonhard Reinhold introduced the term into the discussion of Immanuel Kant’s moral theology [10]. It began to be used frequently in the 1790s, and soon also in the sense of defining a philosophical discipline [19]; [20]. To begin with, the Germa…

1. BackgroundThe Indo-European word behind  Latin  veritas, French  vérité, German  Wahrheit (English “truth”) meant “respect,” “assent,” “fidelity”; Greek  alḗtheia (literally “unconcealment”) was also important for the history of the term. The pragmatic questions concerning whether an assertion or message is true and what criteria we should use to assess and recognize its truth have been answered implicitly or explicity in every culture. The question of what truth is arises whenever a culture reflects on its…

1. Definition and originChiliasm, from Greek  chília (“thousand”) - also called millenialism (from Latin  millenium) - refers to the notion of a thousand years of bliss under the rule of Christ, who returns at the end of time (Messiah). According to Rev 20:1-7, before the general resurrection, the Last Judgment, and eternal salvation, the previously resurrected martyrs and confessors will reign on earth with Christ for a thousand years in a kingdom of peace (a Golden Age).Hans-Peter Großhans2. Historical and literary backgroundChiliasm is associated with apocalypticism a…

[German Version] I. Philosophy – II. Philosophy of Religion – III. Fundamental Theology I. Philosophy An object (Ger. Gegenstand) is anything to which a predicate can be applied, or to which identificatory reference can be made by way of a proper name, designation, or deictic expression, hence anything with regard to which statements can be made and judgments can be passed. (“Individual,” “entity,” or “object” [Ger. Objekt] are frequently employed in this sense in analytic philosophy.) In the eyes of some philosophers, this understanding of the conception of object is broader than the ¶…

[German Version] I. Philosophy – II. Fundamental Theology I. Philosophy “Grammar” is derived from Gk γραμματική (τέχνη)/ grammatiké ( téchnē), which originally meant the completion of reading. In Hellenism the term generally referred to philology in the special sense of the linguistic examination of word and sentence formation. Today grammar is generally taken to mean (1) the linguistic examination of word and sentence formation, and (2) the regularities of word and sentence formation in language itself. For phi…

[German Version] Cosmology and Kingdom of God I. Religious Studies – II. Old Testament –III. New Testament – IV. Church History – V. Dogmatics – VI. Contemporary Art I. Religious Studies 1. To a vision that has not been tamed by scientific theory, heaven is a realm of the beyond (Hereafter, Concepts of the). Like the netherworld, it invades the human world as air or earth and sea, but it is beyond the experience of mortals; it is concrete, but cannot be entered. Observation of the concrete phenomena confirms the symbol …

[German Version] (Gk ὀρϑότης/ orthótēs; Lat. rectitudo). Plato employed ὀρϑότης in the sense of correctness in epistemological (cf. Rep. 515 d), philological (cf. Kratylos, 384 b-d) and ethical (cf. Gorg. 506 d) mean- ing. Anselm of Canterbury gave correctness (rectitude) a fundamental role by defining truth and justice with the common superordinate concept of rectitudo. ¶ Thus, Anselm defines truth as “correctness comprehensible with the intellect alone” ( veritas est rectitudo mente sola perceptibilis – cf. De veritate, ch. 11). Anselm's discussion of correctness presu…

[German Version] I. Terminology and Problem ¶ The meaning of the word truth – Greek ἀλήϑεια/ alḗtheia, ἀληϑής/ alēthḗs; Hebrew אֱמֶת/ ʾĕmet; Latin veritas, verus – depends on the context where it appears. The meaning of the word truth in a particular context is not the same thing as the definition of the term truth; it is also not the same thing as the “function or role that can be or is ascribed to the expression or term . . . in the various contexts and discourses of daily life, the sciences, and philosophy (and theology)” (Puntel, 927). For Christian theology, the biblical use of the term truth is…

[German Version] I. Philosophy Realism in a given area B means the ontological thesis that names or terms used in a theory of B refer to things that exist independently of human thought. For example, in natural realism the existence of stones, trees, and ¶ tables is assumed; in scientific realism, that of electrons, force fields, and quarks (see V below); in mathematical realism, that of numbers and quantities; or in ethical realism, that of moral values. Critics of realism object, for example, that moral values are an expression of value…