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Iran
(6,293 words)
[German Version] I. Geography – II. History – III. Society – IV. History of Religion
I. Geography Iran has a total surface of 1,648,195 km2 and is about the size of the combined area of Germany, France, Great Britain and Spain. Roughly half the country is covered by mountains; the Demāvand, an old volcano in the Elburz mountain range to the north of the capital Tehran, is the country's highest elevation with an a…
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Religion Past and Present
Persepolis
(597 words)
[German Version] (Περσέπολις), the capital of the Achaemenid empire, is in southern Iran, 54 km north of Shiraz. The Greek name, which means “city of the Persians,” was used by Greek authors. The Persians called the city Parsā, also the name of the people and their country. Darius the Great (522–486 bce; Israel and Persia) founded the city as the public symbol and administrative center of his empire. On the slopes of the Kūh-e Ra
ḥmat, “Mount of Mercy,” he had a terrace built, 300 m wide and 455 …
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Religion Past and Present
Susa
(271 words)
[German Version] (Elamite
šu-šá, šu-šá-an/-in, šu-še-en, šu-šu-un, modern Shush). Susa was founded c. 4200 bce as a ¶ religious and administrative center; it was conspicuous for its superb pottery and the unusual iconography of its seals. Susa played a key role in the development of writing in the second half of the 4th millennium. Over the centuries, it and Anshan (
an-ša-an, an-za-an, present-day Tall-e Malyan), near Persepolis, were the capitals of the Elamite empire, which at the beginning of the 2nd millennium bce embraced all of Mesopotamia along with what are today part…
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Religion Past and Present
Elam
(533 words)
[German version] (Elamite
haltamti; Sumerian
elam(
a), graphically ‘explained’ as NIM.KI, ‘Upper Land ’; Akkadian
elamtu; Hebrew
ēlām). The name was adopt…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Property
(2,691 words)
[English version] The concept of property as it developed in Classical Roman law was crucial in the development of European law, to the shaping of civil law in regard to the apportioning of a thing to a person. The concepts of
dominium and
proprietas, widespread and used together in Roman legal terminology from the 1st cent. BC, characterized a legally comprehensive relationship of control, containing rights of disposal and use, by a person over a thing.
Dominium was distinguished from
possessio, the mere
de facto control of a thing, and from the rights that entitled only to ha…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Letter-writing/Ars dictaminis
(2,542 words)
Koch, Heidemarie (Marburg) [German version] A. Prehistory (CT) During the Roman Principate and Dominate, public speech experienced a loss of importance (with the possible exception of the
genus demonstrativum) [21. 236f.]. Within the network of official letters and letter-like documents that to some extent took their place, the tendency emerged to prepare the "pragmatic centre" [19. 17, 22] of the text motivationally through increasingly voluminous, ceremonially stylised proemial sections. The chancellery officials (often …
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Brill’s New Pauly
Perspective
(924 words)
[German version] I. Terminology The modern term perspective has its origin in the concept of
ars perspectiva…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Curse
(1,191 words)
[German version] I. Ancient Orient, Egypt, Old Testament In the ancient Orient, the curse is considered to be a magically effective utterance by which the speaker destroys enemies or objects of their sphere, excludes them from the community or at the very least reduces their vitality. How effective this is depends upon the status of the speaker, the social context and the use of set phrases. …
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Brill’s New Pauly
Slavonic languages
(483 words)
[German version] The SL are a language family that emerged from the Indo-European proto-language via Proto-Slavic (
c. 500 BC to AD 500) and Proto-Balto-Slavic (debated). On its genetic relationship,
cf. Old Church Slavonic (OCS)
mati, Greek μήτηρ/
mḗtēr, Latin
māter < Proto-Indo-European (PIE) *
méh2tē(
r); OCS
trj…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Elam
(498 words)
[English version] (elam.
haltamti; sumer.
elam(
a), graphisch “erklärt” als NIM.KI, “Oberes Land”; akkad.
elamtu; hebr.
ēlām). Der Name ist durch Vermittlung der Bibel (Gn 14) im Abendland übernommen worden. Die geogr. Grenzen E.s variieren. Kern waren das Tiefland des h. Ḫuzestān mit Susa (seit ca. 4000 v.Chr. besiedelt), später auch das iran. Bergland (Persis) mit Zentrum Anšan (größte bisher bekannte proto-elam. Stätte [2. 123]; h. Tappe Malyān, 42 km westl. von Persepolis). Im Osten reichte E. bis Kermān u…
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Der Neue Pauly
Elamisch
(253 words)
[English version] Eine agglutinierende Sprache ohne Beziehungen zu anderen Sprachen; eine evtl. Verwandtschaft zum Dravidischen ist bisher nicht bewiesen [5]. Ob die in sumer. Texten vom Ende des 3. Jt. v.Chr. erwähnten Ḫamazi-Sprachen zur Sprachfamilie des E. gehören, bleibt ebenfalls unklar. Die Entzifferung des E. geschah mit Hilfe der Trilinguen der Achämeniden, insbes. Dareios' [1] I. (Bisutun). Die Gramm. und die Bed. vieler Wörter sind teilweise noch ungeklärt. Zahlreiche Verwaltungsurkunden - meist aus Susa aber auch dem Osten Irans - enthalten ca. 400-800 piktographische Zeichen [1]. Aus der Zeit um 2200 v.Chr. stammen Texte in proto-elam. Strichschrift (mit weniger als 100, großenteils entzifferten Zeichen [3]). Schon vorher hatten die Elamer die sumer.-akkad. Keilschrift übernommen. Der früheste erh. Text ist ein Vertrag mit Naramsin von Akkad (23. Jh.v.Chr.). Bald entwickelte sich ein vereinfachtes Schreibsystem mit ca.150-160 graphisch abgewandelten Zeichen. Ihre Anzahl bleibt über die Jh. fast gleich, doch nimmt der Gebrauch sumer. Logogramme zu. Die sprachliche Entwicklung des E. wird durch vier Sprachstufen repräsentiert: Alt-E.…
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Der Neue Pauly
Persepolis
(537 words)
[English Version] (Περσε´πολις), die Hauptstadt des Achämeniden-Reiches, liegt im Süden Irans, 54 km nördlich von Schiras. Der griech. Name, übers. »Stadt der Perser«, ist bei griech. Schriftstellern überliefert. Die Perser nannten die Stadt Parsā, ebenso wie ihr Volk und ihr Land. Dareios d.Gr. (522–486 v.Chr.; Israel und Persien) hat die Stadt als Repräsentations- und Verwaltungszentrum seines Reiches gegründet. Am Abhang des Kuh-e Rahmat, »Berg des Erbarmens«, ließ er eine 300 m breite und 455 m lange Terrasse errichten …