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Spirituality

(5,031 words)

Author(s): Köpf, Ulrich | Gräb-Schmidt, Elisabeth | Grethlein, Christian | Kim, Kirsteen | Mendes-Flohr, Paul
[German Version] I. Terminology The growing popularity of the term spirituality and its equivalents in other Western languages in religious and theological literature is a 20th-century phenomenon. Although the adjective spiritalis (or spiritualis) appeared in early Christian Latin, translating Pauline πνευματικός/ pneumatikós (1 Cor 2:13–3:1, etc.), along with its antonym carnalis (for σαρκικός/ sarkikós) and rapidly became common, the noun spiritualitas did not appear until the 5th century and then only sporadically. In the 12th century, it began to app…

Stern der Erlösung

(3,747 words)

Author(s): Mendes-Flohr, Paul
Der Stern der Erlösung (1921) ist das Hauptwerk des deutsch-jüdischen Philosophen Franz Rosenzweig (1886–1929). Der Titel spielt auf den Davidstern an, allerdings nicht als Symbol des jüdischen Volks, sondern im Sinne einer ontologischen Wahrheit des biblischen Glaubens. Rosenzweig sprach Judentum und Christentum unterschiedliche, aber komplementäre Rollen bei der vorwegnehmenden Verwirklichung der letzten Wahrheit menschlicher Existenz zu, die er durch den Begriff der Erlösung kennzeichnete. Die Wi…

Utopie

(2,575 words)

Author(s): Mendes-Flohr, Paul
Aus dem Griechischen stammender Begriff ( ou-tópos, Nicht-Ort) und Titel des 1516 veröffentlichten gleichnamigen Romans von Sir Thomas More (Morus), der imaginierte ideale politische Gemeinschaften bezeichnet. In der marxistischen Tradition war der Begriff lange Zeit negativ behaftet und wurde mit unrealistischen und naiven Vorstellungen assoziiert. Der Philosoph Ernst Bloch (1885–1977) nahm eine prominente Gegenposition ein und vertrat in seinem Werk, insbesondere dem Buch Geist der Utopie (1918), einen emphatischen, sowohl Elemente des christlichen als auch…

Philosophie

(6,629 words)

Author(s): Mendes-Flohr, Paul
Die jüdische Philosophie entstand nicht aus dem Judentum selbst heraus. Vielmehr wurde sie durch die Begegnung mit anderen Kulturen angeregt, in denen die kritische Überprüfung von Ideen und Werten im Licht der Vernunft stärker verwurzelt war. Durch diese Auseinandersetzung wurde das jüdische Denken sich seiner universellen Implikationen zunehmend bewusst, anstatt in einer partikularistischen Auffassung zu verharren. Das zentrale Thema der jüdischen Philosophie blieb gleichwohl das Verhältnis von Vernunft und Offenbarung. 1. Antike und Mittelalter Jüdische Philosophie…

Kulturzionismus

(2,840 words)

Author(s): Mendes-Flohr, Paul
Kulturzionismus (oder, nach dem hebräischen Ausdruck ẓiyonut ruḥanit, »geistiger Zionismus«) bezeichnet eine Auffassung des Judentums, die primär von ethischen und geistigen statt von religiösen oder politischen Motiven geprägt ist. Als eine der zionistischen Hauptströmungen wird die kulturzionistische Lehre vor allem mit dem russisch-jüdischen Essayisten Achad Ha’am (hebr. für »einer aus dem Volk«; eigentlich Ascher Ginsberg, 1856–1927) assoziiert. Achad Ha’am gilt als ein Wegbereiter des modernen Heb…

[The] Star of Redemption

(3,915 words)

Author(s): Mendes-Flohr, Paul
Der Stern der Erlösung (1921; “The Star of Redemption,” 1971) is the magnum opus of the German Jewish philosopher Franz Rosenzweig (1886–1929). The title alludes to the Star of David, not however as a symbol of the Jewish people but in the sense of the ontological truth of biblical faith. Rosenzweig ascribed different but complementary roles to Judaism and Christianity in the anticipatory realization of the last truth of human existence, which he identified with the term Erlösung (redemption). The re-adoption of traditional religious practice and faith by Rosenzweig, wh…
Date: 2023-10-31

Dialogue

(3,585 words)

Author(s): Mendes-Flohr, Paul
The use of the term “dialogue” to refer to authentic, that is, non-instrumental relationships between individuals or between man and God is inextricably linked with the thought of Martin Buber (1878–1965). Buber transferred the term, which he introduced in Ich und Du (“I and Thou,” 1956) in 1923, from philosophy and theology into the realms of hermeneutics (especially the interpretation of the Hebrew Bible and Jewish religious texts), translation, and politics.1. IntroductionDialogic philosophers turned away from the Western tradition of  philosophia perennis, the quest f…
Date: 2018-11-16

Cultural Zionism

(2,970 words)

Author(s): Mendes-Flohr, Paul
Cultural Zionism (or, according to the Hebrew expression, tsiyonut ruḥanit, "spiritual Zionism") denotes a concept of Judaism which is primarily characterized by ethical and spiritual rather than religious or political motives. As one of the main Zionist currents, the cultural Zionist doctrine is particularly associated with the Russian-Jewish essayist Aḥad Ha-Am (Hebrew for "one from the people," actually Asher Ginzberg, 1856-1927). …
Date: 2018-11-16

Freies Jüdisches Lehrhaus

(1,209 words)

Author(s): Mendes-Flohr, Paul
The designation Freies Jüdisches Lehrhaus (Free Jewish House of Study) was used by Franz Rosenzweig ([The] Star of Redemption) to label his conception of a Jewish adult education center. The expression alludes to the  bet ha-midrash, the (usually affiliated with a synagogue)  Lehrhaus (house of study), in which learners gather to study Midrashim – interpretative commentaries on the Torah, the doctrine revealed by God. For Rosenzweig,  Lernen was not synonymous with study in the sense of academic secular knowledge; it was rather a communion…
Date: 2018-11-16

Philosophy

(6,551 words)

Author(s): Mendes-Flohr, Paul
Jewish philosophy did not emerge from within Judaism itself. Rather, it was inspired by encountering other cultures, where the critical scrutiny of ideas and values in the light of reason had stronger roots. The confrontation caused Jewish thinking to become increasingly aware of its own universal implications and to abandon its particularistic stance. The central theme of Jewish philosophy nevertheless continued to be the relationship between reason and revelation.1. Antiquity and the Middle AgesJewish philosophy only emerged in the Diaspora. Under the influence of …
Date: 2021-07-13

Utopia

(2,753 words)

Author(s): Mendes-Flohr, Paul
Originally a Greek term ( ou-tópos, no-place) and the title of the 1516 novel by Sir Thomas More, utopia denotes an imaginary ideal political community. In Marxist tradition, the term had negative connotations for a long time, being associated with unrealistic and naïve ideas. The philosopher Ernst Bloch (1885–1977) took up a prominent counter-position, championing in his work, above all in the book Geist der Utopie (1918; “The Spirit of Utopia,” 2000), an emphatic concept of utopia that incorporated elements of Christian and Jewish messianism.1. Ernst BlochErnst Simon Bloch was born in 1885 into an assimilated Jewish family in the industrial town of Ludwigshafen. His parents Markus (later Max) Bloch and Barbara (Berta, née Feitel) had both grown up in village communities in the Palatinate and Rhenish Hesse. After their marriage in 1883, they moved to Ludwigshafen, where Markus Bloch worked as a railway employee. Although he grew up in a traditional Jewish environment and was a member of the Jewish community in Ludwigshafen, Ernst Bloch received a …
Date: 2023-10-31