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[English edition] العراق دولة ذات سيادة، دينها الإسلام. يتكلّم أغلب سكّانها العربيّة، وتقع في أقصى الشّرق من الهلال الخصيب. 1. الجغرافيا من المفارقة أن يستمدّ العراق تميّزه في تركيبته الجغرافيّة من كونه يشكّل جزءًا من كتلة جغرافيّة واسعة. فهو يستمدّ، من ناحية أولى، خصائصه الجغرافيّة العامّة ومناخه من هضبة بادية الشّام (الصّحراء العربيّة السّوريّة) التي يقع على طول سفحها الجنوبيّ الغربيّ، ومن جهة أخرى يشترك في الاتّجاه والتّضاريس مع سلاسل الجبال المنفرجة في آسيا الغربية التي تتقاسم، على طول تخومها الشّماليّة الشّرقيّ…

vizier of the ʿAbbasid caliph Mahdī (r. 158-69/775-85).A version of this article is available in printVolume I, Fascicle 3, pp. 251 ABŪ ʿABDALLĀH YAʿQŪB B. DĀʾŪD, vizier of the ʿAbbasid caliph al-Mahdī (r. 158-69/775-85). He professed pro-ʿAlid sentiments and participated in the revolt of the Hasanids Ebrāhīm and Moḥammad b. ʿAbdallāh against the caliph al-Manṣūr in 145/762-63. Imprisoned, he was set free in 159/775-76 by al-Mahdī, who sought, by means of a general amnesty, to reconcile the opposing moderate Shiʿites …

B. AL-JARRĀḤ (245-334/859-946), vizier during the reign of the caliph Moqtader (r. 908-32). His family was of Persian origin resident in Iraq. A version of this article is available in printVolume I, Fascicle 8, pp. 850-851 ʿALĪ B. ʿĪSĀ B. DĀʾŪD B. AL-JARRĀḤ (245-334/859-946), vizier during the reign of the caliph Moqtader (295-320/908-32). His family was of Persian origin resident in Iraq, and many of its members held posts in ʿAbbasid administration; ʿAlī himself entered the bureaucracy as a secretary when about twenty years old. …

ʿAmr b. Masʿada b. Saʿīd b. Ṣūl (d. probably 217/832) was a secretary and man of letters under the caliph al-Maʾmūn (r. 198–218/813–33). Probably of Turkish origin, he was a cousin of Ibrāhīm b. al-ʿAbbās al-Ṣūlī (d. 243/857), a prominent ʿAbbāsid kātib. His father, said by al-Jahshiyārī (d. 331/942) to have been a client (mawlā) of Khālid b. ʿAbdallāh al-Qasrī (d. 126/743), a major Umayyad figure, had been secretary of the chancellery under the caliph al-Manṣūr (r. 136–58/754–75). ʿAmr himself served the Barmakids and was later, for many years, on…