Höcker, Christoph (Kissing) I. Material Remains (CT) A. General (CT) [German version] 1. Introduction (CT) The present article offers a survey of the ways in which material remains from the ancient world have been transmitted to the modern age. Not included are the active acquisition of antiquities for display or their representation in art museums, or the systematic post-Classical acquisition of remains for research purposes (cf. Antiquarianism; Antiquities, collections of; Classical Archaeology;  Art works, acquisition of/ Art theft; Museum). Höcker, Christoph (Kissing) …

Rendtel, Constanze [German version] A. Subject Area (CT) Pilgrimage is common to all great civilizations and appears to be among the anthropological constants. It stems from a desire for contact with the numinous and the idea that certain sites can convey a blessing. People hope that by visiting such a site they might be helped in times of illness or other distress, or obtain advice on difficult decisions (oracle). A pilgrimage is based on religious motives and remains distinct from other reasons for tr…

Losemann, Volker (Marburg/Lahn) I. Image and Interpretation (CT) [German version] A. Introduction: Sparta as a Model (CT) Apart from Rome, no ancient community has been more admired or repudiated than Sparta (S.). In the 'Spartan tradition' [75] stretching from Antiquity to the modern age, we are time and again confronted by 'antithetical patterns of perception' (Stefan Rebenich) which have their origins in the contrasting Classical images of ancient Athens and S. The 'images' and 'stories' evoked by S. are of a…

Worstbrock, Franz Josef I. History and System (CT) [German version] A. Old European Tradition and New Rhetoric (CT) Ancient rhetoric was constantly present in the European world from the time that world first coalesced in the late 8th cent., and from the beginning it was instrumental as one of the foundations of European literacy. Anchored in the school system, ars rhetorica, however it was delivered, served up or interpreted, was of the essence of any decent education. But knowledge of rhetoric was not merely a tool for the production of texts and was …

Esch, Arnold [German version] I. History and Interpretation (CT) Esch, Arnold [German version] A. Main Features of Rome's Urban History (CT) After the end of the Roman Empire and the dissolution of government structures, it increasingly fell to the Church as the only institution still intact, and also the largest landowner, to take on secular tasks: political negotiations, organization of the grain distribution, repair of the city's fortifications and aqueducts and many more. Since the Byzantine emperor ruled Rome i…