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1. Term The term “suffering” describes the involvement of all life in finitude and vulnerability. As a rule, distinction is made between social, psychological, intellectual, and physical dimensions. Each affects the sufferer as a whole. Anxiety and grief are mainly but not exclusively emotional. In some recent discussions suffering has been more fully ascribed to organic and inorganic nature. Theologically, the experience of suffering calls for discussion in the doctrine of God. The question of God’s part in suffering is linked to the relation between s…

1. Philosophy A philosophical discussion of time faces the task of inquiring into the original, objectively first, and fundamental experience of time, of reflecting on its multiplicity, and then of defining it. It should not be forgotten that time, for its part, has its own temporal and historical conditions. The relationship of time and being, the distinction between time and the temporal, and the fact that those who try to understand time are in time themselves must all be focal points in the discussion. 1.1. Gnostic Philosophy and Thomas Aquinas Classical metaphysics (Philosophy o…