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generally referred to, using his title, as "ʿAllāma Ḥelli," prominent Imami theologian and jurist (1250-1325). A version of this article is available in printVolume XII, Fascicle 2, pp. 164-169 ḤELLI, ḤASAN B. YUSOF B. MOṬAHHAR, generally referred to, using his title, as "ʿAllāma Ḥelli," prominent Imami theologian and jurist (b. Ḥella, 27 or 29 Ramażān 648/23 or 25 December 1250; d. Ḥella, 20 or 21 Moḥarram 726/27 or 28 December 1325).LIFEḤelli came from a well-established family of Shiʿite scholars. His father, Sadid-al-Din Yusof Moṭahhar (d. after 665/1267), was…

Abū Muḥammad al-Ḥasan b. Aḥmad Ibn Mattawayh (or Mattūya; fl. fifth/eleventh century) was a Muʿtazilī theologian and jurisprudent, who belonged to the Bahshamī branch of the movement, founded by Abū Hāshim al-Jubbāʿī (d. 321/933). 1. Life In his biographical work on Muʿtazilī scholars, al-Ḥākim al-Jishumī (d. 494/1101) mentions Ibn Mattawayh near the end of his list of the twelfth generation, comprising the disciples and companions of the qāḍī l-quḍāt ʿAbd al-Jabbār al-Hamadhānī (d. 415/1025) (Sayyid 389). This suggests that Ibn Mattawayh joined ʿAbd al-Jabbār a…

ʿAlī Qulī Jadīd al-Islām was an eleventh/seventeenth-century Christian convert to Islam who wrote several polemical works against Christianity and Judaism. His historical identity is not altogether clear. In his own writings he claims to have been a highly respected priest who had discovered the truth of Islam after a great deal of research and investigation, whereas independent historical evidence suggests that he was in fact an Augustinian Portuguese prior by the name of Antonio who converted to Islam in Isfahan in 1108/1696. ʿAlī Qulī wrote the following works in the field…

[German Version] I. Religious Studies 1. Terminology. Theories of transmigration, which go back to the pre-Socratics of the 6th and 5th centuries bce (Empedocles, Pythagoras, Orphism), presuppose a dualism of body and soul. They hold that a human birth is not a totally new creation but the reincarnation of a pre-existent soul. Repeated incarnations extend not only to human beings of all classes and stations but also to flora and fauna; their purpose is the eschatological purification of the soul from ritual and ethic…