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[German Version] The independence movements which began to emerge by the late 19th and early 20th century in Asia and Africa seriously challenged imperial colonialist policies (Imperialism, Colonialism/Neocolonialism). Furthermore, they encouraged resistance to the missionary enterprise that had been in operation since the 16th century (Colonialism and mission) and gave impetus to the establishment of churches independent of mission (Independent church movements, African Independent Churches). The…

[German Version] I. Concept The term revolution (from Lat. revolvere, “turn over”) denotes a sudden qualitative change of existing circumstances and processes, a change that does not just affect individual elements – like the replacement of government personnel in a coup – but brings change of the overall system. The term was used originally in astronomy for the orbit of a heavenly body. Since the early modern era, has been used to refer to changes that overturn the political system, but this definition …