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[English Version] Warham, William (um 1456 Church Oakley, Hampshire – 22.8.1532 Hackington bei Canterbury). Nach dem Studium in Oxford (New College; Fellow 1475; LL.D. 1488) machte W. erfolgreich Karriere als Jurist in der staatl. und kirchl. Verwaltung und als Diplomat: Principal der School for Civil Law, Oxford (1490); Master of the Rolls (1494); Erzdiakon von Huntingdon (1496); Bf. von London (1502); Lordkanzler (1504). Als Erzbf. von Canterbury (seit 1503) krönte er Heinrich VIII. und Katharina…

[English Version] (Waldensis), Thomas (um 1372 Saffron Walden – 2.11.1430 Rouen). Der 1396 zum Priester geweihte Karmelitermönch studierte und lehrte Theol. in Oxford; er war Hofprediger Heinrichs IV. und Beichtvater von dessen Nachfolgern. Als überzeugter Konziliarist nahm er an den Reformkonzilen von Basel und Pisa teil, als Vertreter seines Königs und Ordensprovinzial (seit 1414) besuchte er das Konzil von Konstanz. Er kämpfte gegen die Lehren der Hussiten (J. Hus) und J. Wyclifs und beteiligte sich an Prozessen gegen deren Anhänger in England. Marie-Luise Ehrenschwendt…

[English Version] Ridley, Nicholas (um 1502, Willimoteswick [?], Northumberland – 16.10.1555 Oxford), studierte seit 1518 in Cambridge (Pembroke Hall; B.A. 1521, M.A. 1526); 1524 machte ihn sein College zum Fellow. In diese Zeit fällt auch die Priesterweihe in Ely. Nach einer weiteren Studienzeit in Paris und Löwen setzte R. seine akademische Karriere in Cambridge fort (B.D. 1537, D.D. und Wahl zum Master von Pembroke Hall 1540); er verließ die Stadt jedoch bereits 1537, denn Th. Cranmer, den R. sp…

[English Version] Parker, Matthew (6.8.1504 Norwich – 17.5.1575 Lambeth). Der Sohn eines wohlhabenden Webers studierte am Corpus Christi College in Cambridge (1522–1528), dem er zeitlebens verbunden blieb (1544 Master; Stiftung seiner Sammlung ma. Hsn.). In Cambridge wurde P. auch für den Protestantismus gewonnen (Th. Bilney, H. Latimer). 1535 machte Anne Boleyn, Mutter Elisabeths I., den mittlerweile renommierten Prediger zu ihrem Kaplan. Gleichzeitig verfolgte P. seine akademische Karriere (1544 …

[English Version] Pole, Reginald (3.3.1500 Stourton Castle, Staffordshire – 17.11.1558 Lambeth, heute Stadtbezirk von London), Abkömmling des Hochadels und mit Heinrich VIII. von England verwandt, wurde in seiner Ausbildung an den Universitäten Oxford und Padua vom König gefördert. Er trat in Verbindung mit engl. und ital. Humanisten (Th. Morus, P. Bembo) und korrespondierte mit Erasmus von Rotterdam. Auf Druck der Familie nach England zurückgekehrt, setzte er seine Studien in der Kartause Sheen fo…

[English Version] , Thomas (1472 [?] Ipswich – 29.11.1530 Leicester). Nach dem Studium in Oxford (New College), der Priesterweihe (1501) und einer Zeit als Hofkaplan des Erzbf. von Canterbury wurde der Sohn eines Gastwirtes und Metzgers 1507 Kaplan Heinrichs VII.; unter dessen Nachfolger (Heinrich VIII.) begann seine Karriere in Kirche und Staat: Seit 1511 königlicher Berater, wurde er 1514 Bf. von Lincoln und später im Jahr Erzbf. von York, 1515 Kardinal und Lordkanzler. Obwohl W. Warham als Erzbf…

[English Version] (Peacock; Pavo), Reginald (um 1393 Wales – 1460/61 Thorney Abbey, Cambridgeshire). Nach dem Studium der Theol. in Oxford (seit 1409) war P. als Pfarrer, später als Bischof (1444 St. Asaph, 1450 Chichester) tätig. Trotz verschiedener Schriften gegen die Lollarden geriet P. 1457 in Häresieverdacht; er mußte widerrufen, mehrere seiner Werke wurden verbrannt. Nach dem Amtsverzicht 1459 lebte P., mit Schreibverbot belegt, unter Hausarrest in Thorney. Gegen den Biblizismus der Lollarden …

[English Version] (21.12.1120 [?] London – 29.12.1170 Canterbury). Der Sohn eines Kaufmannes wurde nach dem Studium in Paris 1143 in den Haushalt des Erzbf. Theobald von Canterbury aufgenommen, der ihn 1154 zum Archidiakon von Canterbury weihte; 1155 machte Heinrich II. ihn zu seinem Kanzler. Th. war ehrgeizig und pflegte einen aufwendigen Lebensstil, galt aber als hochbegabt und unbestechlich. Als Vertrauter des Königs setzte er dessen Politik auch gegen die Interessen der Kirche durch. Das änder…

[German Version] (c. 1129 – Jun 18, 1164), of noble descent, entered the double monastery at Schönau (Nassau; OSB) as a twelve-year-old. Five years later, she took her vows there. Elizabeth became magistra of the congregation of nuns in 1157. Plagued by illnesses and anxieties, Elizabeth received many “revelatory visions” (Ruh) in ecstatic episodes beginning in 1152; the visions followed the liturgical year. Her brother, Ekbert (monk at Schönau beginning i…

[German Version] (1472 [?], Ipswich – Nov 29, 1530, Leicester). After studying at New College, Oxford, ordination to the priesthood (1501), and a term as court chaplain to the archbishop of Canterbury, Wolsey, the son of an innkeeper and butcher, became chaplain to Henry VII in 1507. Under Henry’s successor, Henry VIII, his career in church and state began: appointed adviser to the king in 1511, in 1514 he was made bishop of Lincoln and later in the year archbishop of York. In 1515 he was made lor…

[German Version] Since the 12th century, individual convents were founded under the patronage of Mary Magdalene to accommodate converted prostitutes and save women in jeopardy. The order of the Penitent Sisters of Blessed Mary Magdalene (Poenitentes Sorores Beatae Mariae Magdalenae) traces back to the initiative of the Hildesheim canon Rudolph of Worms, who founded convents for these penitents throughout the empire, beginning in 1226. Affirmed by Gregory IX in 1227 and subject after 1232 to the Ru…

[German Version] (Scots Gaelic: Dun Eideann), capital of Scotland. Situated near the Firth of Forth, Castle Rock had probably long served as a stronghold when King David I founded Holyrood Abbey there and granted Edinburgh market rights in 1130. Elevated to city status by Robert the Bruce in 1329, Edinburgh rose to become the political and economic center of Scotland and …

[German Version] (c. 1456, Church Oakley, Hampshire – Aug 22, 1532, Hackington, near Canterbury). After studying at New College, Oxford (fellow 1475; LL.D. 1488), Warham had a successful legal career in the civil and ecclesiastical administration and as a diplomat: principal of the School for Civil Law, Oxford (1490), Master of the Rolls (1494), archdeacon of Huntingdon (1496), bishop of London (1502), Lord Chancellor (1504). Appointed archbishop of Canterbury in 1503, in 1509 he crowned Henry VII…

[German Version] (Morus; Feb 6/7, 1477/1478, London – Jul 6, 1535, London), prominent English Humanist, politician, and controversial theologian (Controversial theology). The son of a jurist, he attended school in London and subsequently became a page in the household of Cardinal Archbishop John Morton (1420–1500), who sent him to Oxford to study. In spite of his academic interests, his father insisted on an additional legal training at the Inns of Court. Thomas More worked as a lawyer from 1501 o…

[German Version] (1485, Thurcaston, Leicestershire – Oct 16, 1555, Oxford). The son of a free peasant, Latimer studied theology from 1506 onward at Clare College, Cambridge (B.A. 1510, M.A. 1514). Having initially defended the old faith as a preacher and university lecturer, he joined the Reformation around 1524 under the influence of T. Bilney. Highly esteemed at the court of Henry VIII for a time (appointment as bishop of Worcester in 1535), he fell out of favor from ¶ 1539 during the turmoil surrounding Anne Boleyn; he delivered his most famous sermons under Edward VI. …

[German Version] (1620, Lydeard St. Lawrence – Oct 18, 1677, London). After studying at Wadham College, Oxford (BA 1639), Manton, the son of a clergyman, began to preach and rapidly became the undisputed leader of the Presbyterians in London. He rose ¶ to become a scribe for the Westminster Assembly and often preached before the Long Parliament. After the fall of O. Cromwell, he sympathized with the Restoration under Charles II, but when the hopes of the Nonconformists (Dissenters) for concessions from the Anglicans were dashed, he refu…

[German Version] (Wyclif[f]ites), adherents of the teachings of J. Wycliffe, were persecuted as heretics in England by both the church and the state until 1559. Spread beyond Oxford, initially by Wycliffe himself and later by his students, Wycliffite ideas were evident from 1382 in London, Leicester, Bristol, and elsewhere. This led to a tightening of the heresy laws (esp. stricter controlling of teachers of theology and priests who preached out-¶ side their parishes; a penalty for possessing the English Bible and religious literature in the vernacular) and to ini…

[German Version] (Good Friday, 1277, Nuremberg – Dec 27, 1356, Engelthal Convent). The patrician's daughter entered the Engelthal Convent (Dominican) at the age of twelve. Her uncompromising conceptualization of the imitatio Christi and cloistered lifestyle led to corporal suffering and isolation within the community. Beginning in 1291, Ebner had extraordinary spiritual experiences that brought her fame in subsequent decades even outside her convent (1350…

[German Version] (Stuart of England; May 29, 1630, London – Feb 2, 1685, London), king of England. The son of the executed Charles I of England, he was exiled in 1651, but answered the call of his country to assume the crown in 1660. Thus began the Restoration period, which was characterized by a balance of power with respect to the interests of the Crown and of Parliament as well as by the reestablishment of the Anglican state church (Church of England, Anglic…

[German Version] (Waldensis; c. 1372, Saffron Walden,Essex –Nov 2, 1430, Rouen), Carmelite monk. Ordained to the priesthood in 1396, he studied and taught theology in Oxford. He was court preacher to Henry IV and confessor to his successors. As a convinced conciliarist he took part in the reforming Councils of Basel (Basel, Council of) and Pisa (Pisa, Council of); he attended the Council of Constance (Constance, Council of) as his king’s representative and (from 1414) provincial of his order. He f…