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(Φάναι; Phánai). [German version] [1] Southern tip of the island of Chios The c. 300 m high southern tip of the island of Chios (Thuc. 8,24,3; Str. 14,1,35; Steph. Byz. s.v. Φ.; Liv. 44,28,7; Ptol. 5,2,19), modern Akron Masticho. Külzer, Andreas (Vienna) [German version] [2] Port on the southwestern coast of Chios Port on the southwestern coast of Chios about 10 km from P. [1] (Str. 14,1,35), modern Káto Phana. Area famous for viticulture (Verg. G. 2,98 and Serv. Georg. z.St.); palm grove (Str. l.c.). In the bay of P. great fleets were harboured…

[German version] (Σύμη/ Sýmē). Island (58 km2, up to 617 m elevation, barren limestone) with many bays, surrounded by islets, off the Carian coast, 24 km to the north of Rhodes (Hom. Il. 2,671 ff.; Hdt. 1,174; Str. 14,2,14; Diod. Sic. 5,53; Ptol. 5,2,32; Plin. HN 5,133), today again called S. Few traces of prehistoric and Mycenaean settlement, settled by Cares and in c. 1000 BC by Dorieis. The polis of S. was at modern S. on the Bay of Aegialus in the northeast (remains of city wall and harbour, Athena sanctuary). From 434/3 BC on, S. was a member of t…

[German version] (Νίσυρος/ Nísyros). Island west of Cnidus, belonging to the Dodecanese. Around 35 km2 and pentagonal in shape, between Cos, Telos and the western tip of the Reşadiye peninsula. Volcanic rocks, hot springs (Str. 10,5,16); the collapsed main crater is 692 m high. N. was dedicated to Poseidon. The settlements of Argus (Steph. Byz. s.v. Ἄργος/Á rgos), Gigantea and Hypaton (Γιγαντεα/ Gigantea and Υπατον/ Hypaton, IG XII 3,92,2f.), attested in literary sources, cannot be located archaeologically, but the eponymous main settlement of N. has been f…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Delian League | Athenian League (Second) (Οἴνη/ Oínē, ethnikon Οἰναῖος/ Oinaîos; in literature also Οἰνόη/ Oinóē, Ath 1,30d; Steph. Byz. s.v. Οἰνόη, Str. 14,1,9). Main town on the island of Icarus [2], on its north coast, 2 km west of modern Evdilos. Cult site of Dionysus and Artemis Tauropolis (chief cult). Numerous inscriptions [1]. O. was a member of the Delian League, paying a tribute of between 4000 and 8000 drachmai (ATL 1, 360f.; 528; 2, 86f.; 3, 190; …

[German version] (Ποιήεσσα/ Poiḗessa, Ποιᾶσσα/ Poiâssa, Ποιῆσσα/ Poiêssa). City in the southwest of Ceos [1] at modern Pisses. An acropolis and remains of walls lie on a steep cape. In the area early Cycladic pottery  (3rd millennium BC) has been found. Few remains survive (foundations, columns). Temples to Apollo Smintheus and  Athena Nedousia are recorded in Str. 10,5,6. To the northeast of P. a mighty Hellenistic watchtower has been found. In the Hellenistic Period P. was incorporated into the polis…

[German version] (Σκίαθος/ Skíathos). Westernmost of the northern Sporades (45 km2, length 11 km, maximum elevation 435 m; Hdt. 7,176,1; 179; 183,1 f.; 8,7,1; 92,1; Scyl. 58; Scymn. 580 ff.; Mela 2,106; Plin. HN 4,72; Ptol. 3,13,47), today also S. The island was settled in the 8th cent. BC by settlers from Chalcis [1]; Palaesciathos was laid out at that time (not located, recorded until the 5th/4th cent. BC). In the 6th/5th cents. BC, the polis of S. was founded on the east coast with a strategically imp…

(Πορθμός/ Porthmós, 'ferry place'). [German version] [1] Narrows of Salamis and ferry place of the same name there Narrows of Salamis and ferry place of the same name there (Hdt. 8,76,91; Aeschin. 3,158). Boundary stones from the ferry harbour have been found in Piraeus (πορθμείων ὅρμου ὅρος/ porthmeíōn hórmou hóros, IG I3 1104 [1. 446]). The Herakleion of the Salaminii at P. (SEG 21, 527 Z. 10 f., 16) is not identical with the one in Sunium (SEG 21, 527 Z. 84, 94 f.), hence P. does not describe the narrows at Puntazeza in the Sunium dḗmos. Lohmann, Hans (Bochum) Bibliography 1 W. Judeich, Top…

[German version] (Πεπάρεθος; Pepárethos). Island of the Cyclades (today counted among the northern Sporades) off the Thessalian coast (96 km2, 20 km long, up to 8 km wide; Str. 2,5,21; Ptol. 3,12,44; Plin. HN 4,72), with a main town of the same name, modern Skopelos. The central range of hills, Megalovuno, with the Hypselon (688 m), runs from north west to south east. Along the west coast there are cliffs and numerous islets. According to mythology, P. was settled by the Cretans (Diod. 5,79,2; Scymn. 579ff.); the…

[German version] (Σίφνος; Síphnos). Island in the western Cyclades (89 km2; Str. 10,5,3; Ptol. 3,15,30; Plin. HN 4,66; 36,159), rising to 696 m (Prophitis Elias), with many bays especially in the south and west; rich in slate and marble, it also produced gold, silver, iron and lead; still known as S. today. Poetic epithets: Merópē or Meropía and Acis (Steph. Byz. s. v. Σ.; Plin. HN 4,42). Traces of settlement from the 3rd millennium onwards; silver and galenite were mined in the early Cycladic period (early Cycladic settlement south of Apollonia, for…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Sparta (Σκάνδεια/ Skándeia). Port settlement, 10 stadia to the east of the city of Cythera (Paus. 3,23,1) in the southeast of the island of Cythera, modern Kastri on the bay of Avlemonas. Settlement from the Early Helladic on; first mentioned in Hom. Il. 10,268. On a steep rock above S., there was an acropolis with a temple of Aphrodite Ourania. In 424 BC the Athenians conquered S., which had been occupied by the Spartans shortly before (Thuc. 4,…

[German version] [1] Island (Τῆλος/ Têlos). Island to the northwest of Rhodes with deeply incised bays, 16 km in length, up to 9 km in width, 63 km2 in area, rising to 651 m in height, predominantly of slate and limestone formations with broad tuff valleys in between; originally named Agathoussa (Hesych. s. v. Ἀγάθουσσα, Steph. Byz. s. v. T.). Settled in the 3rd millennium BC (settlement remains at Kastello near Livadia in the south) and in the Minoan period (17th/16th cent. BC, at Megalo Chorio in the north). Settled c. 1000 BC by the Dorieis, in the 7th cent. BC linked polit…

(Μύρινα; Mýrina). [German version] [1] Amazon Amazon (Dionysius Chalcidensis FHG 4 F 2), daughter of Cretheus, wife of Thoas (schol. Apoll. Rhod. 1,601); eponym of the city of the same name (M. [3]) on Lemnos (Hecataeus FGrH 1 F 138c). Käppel, Lutz (Kiel) [German version] [2] Daughter of Teucer Daughter of Teucer, wife of Dardanus [1], first mentioned in Hom. Il. 2,814; her burial mound was displayed outside Troy as Batieia (Strab. 12,8,6). She was regarded as an Amazon in ancient times. Extensive raids are mentioned in Diod. 3,54f. Käppel, Lutz (Kiel) [German version] [3] City in southw…

[German version] (Φολέγανδρος; Pholégandros). Island in the southern Cyclades (33 km2, 19 km long, up to 4 km wide) to the southeast of Melos (Strab. 10,5,1; 5,3; Plin. HN 4,68; Ptol. 3,15,31), named after a son of Minos (Steph. Byz. s.v. Φ.), today once again called P.; its highest elevation is Hagios Eleutherios (411 m). P. was settled as early as the Cretan-Mycenaean Period, later it was Doric. P. was a member of the Delian League (tribute 1000 drachmai: ATL 1,434f.; 2,83). The ancient city of P. was above modern P. on the southeastern coast (graves, marble spolia and walls from the …

[German version] (Νέα/ Néa, Νέαι/ Néai). Small island between Lemnos and the Hellespontus (Plin. HN 2,202), considered part of the Thermaios Kolpos in Plin. HN 4,72 and of Thracia in Anth. Pal. 15,25,25; probably not the same as the Byzantine N., modern Hagios Eustratios (30 km southeast of Lemnos), but rather submerged, apart from the meagre remains of the rocky reef of Charos east of Lemnos. Sacred to Athena. According to  Steph. Byz. s.v. Νέαι, Philoctetes was bitten by the serpent here (but acc. Paus. 8,33,4 on the submerged Chryse). Külzer, Andreas (Vienna) Bibliography J. Koder, Ai…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Colonization | Delian League | Athenian League (Second) | Education / Culture (Τένεδος; Ténedos). Island in the north east of the Aegean Sea (Ptol. 5,2,27; Dionys. Per. 135; Hierocles Synékdēmos 686,8), 5 km off the coast of Troas, 20 km south west of the Hellespont and therefore always of strategic importance; made up of limestone, slate, trachite with Neogene deposits; 10 km long, 5 km wide, 41 km2 in area, rising to 191 m in the northeast, present day Bozcaada. Various earlier names for T. are documented: C…

[German version] (Ὤγυλος; Ṓ gylos). Island between the Peloponnese and Crete (Steph. Byz. s.v. Ὤγυλος); identification uncertain, most plausibly Cythera or Anticythera. Külzer, Andreas (Vienna) Bibliography J. Schmidt, s.v. Ogylos, RE 17, 2078-2080.

[German version] (Τῆνος/ Tênos). Island in the northern Cyclades; 27 km in length, up to 12 km wide, area of 195 km2; numerous coastal bluffs, a few open bays, primarily slate along with marble and granite; in the east, up to 714 m high (Tsiknias, probably the ancient Gyraíē pétrē, Hom. Od. 4,500; 4,507; Lycoph. Alexandra 390 ff.); it still bears the same name. T. was not very fertile, but the cultivation of garlic on T. was proverbial (Aristoph. Plut. 718); there were many snakes and scorpions (ibid.). Epithets for T. were h ydroûssa ('abundant in water') and o phioûssa ('abundant in sn…

[German version] (Ψυττάλεια; Psyttáleia). Rocky island in the strait between Salamis [1] and the Piraeus bay (1,5 km long, 400 m wide, 51 m high), modern Psyttalia. The uninhabited island was consecrated to Pan (Aesch. Pers. 447 ff.; Paus. 1,36,2). On the eve of the battle of Salamis in 480 BC, Xerxes disembarked troops there, which were defeated by the Greeks (under Aristides [1]?); foundation remains of a triumphal monument are still extant. Cf. Plut. Aristides 9; Hdt. 8,76,1; 95; Aristodemus FGrH 104 F 1; Str. 9,1,14; Plin. HN 4,62; Steph. Byz. s. v. Ψυττάλεια. Külzer, Andreas (Vien…

[German version] (Σποράδες/ Sporádes, 'the scattered'). Collective term, varying in detail, for the Aegean islands not reckoned as Cyclades (schol. Dionys. Per. 132; 530; Eust. in Dionys. Per. 530; Mela 2,111; Plin. HN 4,68-71; Aristot. Mund. 3,393). The name appears to have first been coined by Hellenistic geographers; there is no evidence for it yet in the 4th cent. BC (e.g. in Ps.-Scyl. 48; 58; 96-99). After its introduction it was inconsistently applied; the boundary with the Cyclades fluctuate…

[German version] (Θερμαῖος κόλπος/ Thermaîos kólpos). Bay, still named after the city of Therme, between Thessaly (Thessalians) and Chalcidice, significant for connecting the Macedonian interior with the Aegean Sea (Hecat. FGrH 1 F 146; Hdt. 7,121-123; 8,127; IG I2 302,68; Mela 2,2,35; and Plin. HN 4,36 and 4,72: Thermaicus and Thermaeus sinus respectively). Scyl. 66 and Mela loc.cit. locate the bay at the mouth of the Peneius. The inner corner of the bay, which curves to the northeast, was a favourite geographical point of orientation used to …