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[German version] An epithet of  Jupiter of uncertain meaning, which already caused etymological speculation during antiquity, reflecting antiquarian and political interests. These related the name and cult of the god to each other. Derivations ranged from ferre ( arma: Prop. 4,10,47; Liv. 1,10,5-6; cf. R. Gest. div. Aug. 19: tropaiophóros; pacem: Fest. 81 L.) and feretrum (rack on which captured weapons were carried during the triumph: Plut. Marcellus 8) to ferire ( ense ducem: Prop. 4,10,46; Jupiter who ‘strikes’ with his lightening bolt: Plut. Marcellus 8; ferire foedus [ sc. feti…

[German version] Roman personification of death, modelled on the Greek Thanatos. Recorded in the title of an Atellan farce Mortis ac Vitae iudicium by Novius in Non. p. 479,7, a satire Mors ac Vita by Ennius (cf. Quint. Inst. 9,2,36), in Latin poets and on tomb inscriptions. Represented with corresponding attributes M. visualizes (1) the cause of death (Stat. Theb. 7,53: voltuque cruento M. armata sedet), (2) the transition from life to death (Anth. Lat. 2,429,1-2; 346,3-4; Hor. Carm. 1,14,13) and (3) death as a state (motionlessness, silence: Lucr. 3,959). I…

[German version] Roman goddess of indigitamenta , unequivocally thus only at Aug. Civ. 4,11. Her name is mentioned there in conjunction with the protection and care of newborn children whom she ‘lifts up’ from the earth ( terra) (probably with a perfect tense meaning of the suffix -na, s. [1]). Varro in Non. 848 L. also suggests that L. took up her abode directly after the birth, i.e. she is interpreted as a divine midwife who is the first carer of newborn infants. Kunz, Heike (Tübingen) Bibliography 1 Radke, 174.

(Σικελία/ Sikelía, Sicily). The largest island in the Mediterranean (Mare Nostrum; cf. Str. 2,5,19; differently Hdt. 1,170 and Timaeus FGrH 566 F 65): 25,460 km2, including the offshore islands such as the Insulae Aegates, Ustica, the Aeoli Insulae, Cossura, Lopadusa (present-day Lampedusa), Aethusa (present-day Linosa) and Melite [7] 25,953 km2. [German version] I. Name The island was originally called Trinacria (Τρινακρία/ Trinakría, Hellanicus FGrH 51 F 79b), later Sicania (Σικανίη/ Sikaníē, Hdt. 7,170; Σικανία/ Sikanía, Thuc. 6,2,2) and only then Sicelia (Σικελία)…

[German version] MS (= sanctuaries on rises or anticlines) were to be found in various ancient civilizations. Among the oldest monuments known to archeology are the so-called fire sanctuaries of Baal in the Near East [1]. It has been assumed that the numerous sanctuaries of the 2nd millennium on Crete were influenced by this tradition [2. 60f.]. More than 20 MS have been found there, identifiable by excavated clay figures and traces of altars. Another form of MS is represented by Greek cult sites of the Classical period (mainland, islands, Asia Minor) on heights outs…

(Λέων; Léōn). Cf. also Leo. Byzantine emperor Leo [4-9]. Sicilian place name L. [13]. [German version] [1] Spartan king, 6th cent. BC Spartan king, Agiad ( Agiads), grandfather of Cleomenes [3] I (Hdt. 5,39); is said to have been successful in war together with his fellow king Agasicles in the early 6th cent. BC, but to have been defeated by Tegea (Hdt. 1,65). Sparta is said to have already achieved eunomía (‘good order’) before his time [1. 45ff.]. Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum) Bibliography 1 M. Meier, Aristokraten und Damoden, 1998. [German version] [2] Tyrant of Phlius, 6th cent. BC Tyran…

[German version] Roman goddess, personification of youth. The earliest evidence for the appellativum is Iuventus (3rd cent. BC [1. 154]), from the 1st cent. BC also Iuventas; Iuventa, however, is rare and late. In Rome I. had cult centres on the Capitol and at the Circus Maximus: the integration of her aedicula (‘chapel’) inside the   cella of Minerva at the temple of Jupiter on the Capitol (Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 3,69,5) was interpreted as an indication of the older age of I. worship (cf. Liv. 5,54,7). For the history of the const…

[German version]  Hymn of the  Salii. This cultic song in 35 fragments of unknown sequence, partly in saturnians, is only preserved by antiquarians ( Antiquarian;  C. Arvale,  C. Saeculare); a commentary on it was written by  Aelius Stilo in the 1st cent. BC. It was regarded as belonging to the oldest Roman poetry (Varro, Ling. 7,3). Its age is uncertain, addenda probably date from as late as the 2nd cent. AD (SHA Aur. 21). It begins with a general invocatio, the   axamenta (Paul. Fest. 3,12-15 L). Of the extant invocations of the gods, only Jupiter can be identified with ce…

[German version] [1] Sabinian deity According to Serv. Auct. Georg. 1,7, the Sabine name for Ceres. Presumably P. had the role of an agrarian deity in the pantheon of the Sabini; her exact function, however, cannot be determined. The translatability of Ceres as P. cannot be explained by an assumed displacement or absorption of a Sabine deity by the Italic or Roman goddess Ceres; their identification is probably a later scholarly interpretation. The attractive hypothesis of a relationship between the …

(εἴδωλον; eídōlon, Lat. idolum, picture, image, delusion). [German version] [1] Refers to a smaller-than-life-portrait Refers to a smaller-than-life portrait (cf. the votive gift of a female statue in Delphi, in Hdt. 1,51). Kunz, Heike (Tübingen) [German version] [2] Refers to a delusion in Greek mythology In Greek mythology, esp. in Homer, eidolon refers to a delusion (Hom. Il. 5,449), but especially to the soul of the deceased in Hades (Hom. Od. 11,213; Il. 23,104; the eidolon is disembodied but still has the shape of the living person: Hom. Il. 23,107). In pictorial…

[German version] A Roman deity who, according to Serv. Georg. 1,21 belongs to a circle of twelve gods invoked by the flamen Cerialis ( Flamines ) in the sacrum Cereale for Ceres and Tellus. M. and the other deities of the circle are linked by protective functions for specific agricultural activities. The etymology of the name M. indicates a rural deity that presides over the ‘reaping (i.e., the harvest) of the grain. Whether the twelve deities originally had an independent significance is disputed; their age is uncertain (o…

[German version] In Livius Andronicus (Odusia fr. 23 FPL according to Caesellius Vindex in Gell. 3,16,11) M. foretold the day of a person's death. According to Gell. ibid., M. is the Latin translation of the Greek Moira, which can be considered etymologically certain owing to their having the same origin. Caesellius Vindex's grouping of M. with Nona and Decuma as the tria fata (contradicted by Varro at Gell. 3,16,10) is an antiquarian construct and provides no key to the significance of M. to Roman religion. Kunz, Heike (Tübingen)

[German version] Name of an ancient Roman goddess, the sources show both one and two r (cf. CIL I2 p. 323: Furrinalia; the MSS vary). On the possible etymological emergence of the name from Etruscan, Oscan (here perhaps from * fursina, * forsina), or Umbrian, see [1. 137]. Her cult in earlier times is documented by a festival on 25 July, the Fu(r)rinalia or Furnalia, and a flamen Furinalis (  flamines ; Varro, Ling. 5,84; 6,19; Fest. 78 L). Myths or rites are unknown. The grove of F. was located in Rome on the other side of the Tiber (in today's…

[English version] H. (= Heiligtümer auf Erhebungen oder in Bergsätteln) gab es in verschiedenen ant. Kulturen. Zu den ältesten arch. belegten Monumenten gehören die sog. Feuer-H. des Baal im Nahen Osten [1]; es ist vermutet worden, daß von dieser Trad. möglicherweise die im 2. Jt. frequentierten H. auf Kreta beeinflußt waren [2. 60f.]. Dort hat man über 20 H. gefunden, die durch Funde von Tonfiguren und Altarspuren identifiziert werden konnten. Eine weitere Form des H. stellen griech. Kultstätten der klass. Zeit (Festland, Inseln, Kleinasien) auf außerstädtisch …

[English version] Römische Göttin, Personifikation der Jugend. Frühester Beleg für das Appellativum ist Iuventus (3. Jh.v.Chr. [1. 154]), seit dem 1. Jh.v.Chr. auch Iuventas, selten und spät ist dagegen Iuventa. In Rom besaß I. Kultstätten auf dem Capitol und am Circus Maximus: Die Integration ihrer aedicula (“Kapelle”) innerhalb der cella der Minerva des kapitolinischen Iuppitertempels (Dion. Hal. ant. 3,69,5) wurde als Hinweis auf das höhere Alter der I.-Verehrung gedeutet (vgl. Liv. 5,54,7). Zur Baugesch. ihres Tempels…

(Λέων). Vgl. auch Leo. Byz. Kaiser Leo [4-9]. Sizil. Ort L. [13]. [English version] [1] Spartan. König, 6. Jh. v. Chr. Spartan. König, Agiade (Agiadai), Großvater des Kleomenes [3] I. (Hdt. 5,39); soll mit seinem Mitkönig Agasikles im frühen 6. Jh.v.Chr. erfolgreich Krieg geführt haben, aber gegen Tegea gescheitert sein (Hdt. 1,65). Vor seiner Zeit soll in Sparta bereits eunomía (“gute Ordnung”) erreicht worden sein [1. 45ff.]. Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum) Bibliography 1 M. Meier, Aristokraten und Damoden, 1998. [English version] [2] Tyrann von Phleius, 6. Jh. v. Chr. Tyrann von …

[English version] Hymnus der Salier. Das in 35 Fragmenten unbekannter Reihenfolge, z.T. in Saturniern, nur bei Antiquaren (Antiquar) erh. Kultlied (C. Arvale, C. Saeculare) kommentierte im 1.Jh. v. Chr. Aelius Stilo. Es galt als älteste röm. Dichtung (Varro ling. 7,3). Das Alter ist unsicher, Nachträge reichen wohl bis ins 2.Jh. n. Chr. (SHA Aur. 21). Am Anfang steht eine allg. invocatio, die axamenta (Paul. Fest. 3,12-15 L). Von den erh. Götteranrufungen ist nur Iupiter sicher zu identifizieren (FPL, fr. 2). Cerus duonus und Mamuri Veturi (3FPL fr. 3; 15FPL fr. 15) bezeichn…

[English version] Bei Livius Andronicus (Odusia fr. 23 FPL nach Caesellius Vindex bei Gell. 3,16,11) sagt M. den Todestag voraus. Laut Gell. l.c. ist M. die lat. Übers. für griech. Moira, was aufgrund desselben Wortstamms etym. als gesichert gelten kann. Die Gruppierung der M. zu den tria fata neben Nona und Decuma durch Caesellius Vindex (widerlegt durch Varro bei Gell. 3,16,10) ist antiquarisches Konstrukt und läßt keine Schlüsse auf eine Bed. der M. für die röm. Rel. zu. Kunz, Heike (Tübingen)

(εἴδωλον; lat. idolum, Bild, Abbild, Trugbild). [English version] [1] Bezeichnung für ein unterlebensgroßes Bildnis Bezeichnung für ein unterlebensgroßes Bildnis (vgl. die Votivgabe einer weiblichen Statue in Delphi bei Hdt. 1,51). Kunz, Heike (Tübingen) [English version] [2] in der griech. Mythologie Bezeichnung für Traumbild In der griech. Mythologie, bes. bei Homer, bezeichnet E. ein Trugbild (Hom. Il. 5,449), vor allem aber die Seele eines Verstorbenen im Hades (Hom. Od. 11,213; Il. 23,104; das E. ist körperlos, hat aber die Gestalt …

[English version] [1] sabin. Gottheit Laut Serv. auct. georg. 1,7 der sabinische Name für Ceres. Verm. nahm P. im Pantheon der Sabini den Platz einer Gottheit mit agrarischem Charakter ein, deren genaue Funktion sich jedoch nicht näher bestimmen läßt. Als Erklärungsversuch für die Übersetzbarkeit von Ceres mit P. scheidet das Verdrängen bzw. Absorbieren einer sabin. Gottheit durch die ital. bzw. röm. Göttin Ceres aus. Wahrscheinlich handelt es sich bei der Gleichsetzung um spätere gelehrte Interpreta…