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In: Volume 1 Dawn of Ecumenism | Part III. Beginnings: Movements Become a Movement previous chapter 1 Christian Peace Initiatives between 1907 and 1914 Although it may seem surprising, the decade that preceded the outbreak of World War i was characterized not only by numerous crises but also by several Christian peace initiatives that originated, in particular, in Great Britain and Germany and were above all intended – in the face of the manifold political tensions between both countries (due to naval and colonial rivalry)1 – to promote binational understanding.2 The editor of The Peace…

[German Version] (Nov 4, 1813, Brieg, Silesia [today Brzeg, Poland] – Apr 2, 1874, Potsdam). Mühler, the son of the Prussian minister of justice Heinrich Gottlob Mühler, studied law and received his doctorate at Berlin. In 1837 he served as a judge in Naumburg/Saale, Halle, Berlin, and Cologne. In 1840 he was appointed to the Prussian ministry of culture by J.A.F. Eichhorn. When the portfolio of church affairs was spun off from the ministry and the Evangelischer Oberkirchenrat (EOK) was establishe…

[German Version] (Aug 10, 1827, Metschkau, Silesia – Jul 7, 1900, Hamm). Falk was a pastor's son and studied jurisprudence. In March 1848 he joined the Breslau civic militia and the Patriotic Society. In 1850 he passed the civil service examination and became an assistant with the Breslau state prosecutor, then in 1853 state prosecutor in Lyck (East Prussia), where from 1858 he was also a parliamentary representative of the moderate liberal party. In 1861 he became state prosecutor at the Supreme …

[German Version] I. Concept and Structure – II. Aims – III. History I. Concept and Structure Since the 1840s, the phrase labor movement has been a commonly accepted collective term for all European and North American self-help movements and self-protection movements pursuing the economic, political, and cultural emancipation of workers. Its organizational forms have included parties, trade unions, associations, and cooperative societies, with sometimes substantial national and regional differences. Ideologically w…

[English Version] I. Problem, religionswissenschaftlich Das Verhältnis von Staat und Religion ist in den westlichen Gesellschaften weniger durch die Verfassungen bestimmt – Religionsfreiheit ist überall ein konstitutives Grundrecht – als durch die hist. überkommene Situation. Dort nämlich, wo die großen Konfessionen einmal Staatskirchen waren oder noch sind, besteht bis heute eine Hierarchisierung der Religionen. Ohne Rücksicht auf das tatsächliche rel. Leben räumt der S. überkommenen Rel. materiell…

[German Version] I. The Problem In Western societies, the relationship between the state and religion is determined less by religion’s constitutional status – freedom of religion is a fundamental constitutional right everywhere – than by historical tradition. Where the major confessional bodies were (or still are) state churches, there is still a hierarchy of religions. Without regard to actual religious life, the state gives traditional religions a special status, materially and ideally. In the publ…