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[German Version] I. Philosophy – II. Philosophy of Religion – III. Fundamental Theology – IV. Dogmatics – V. Ethics – VI. Practical Theology and Psychology of Religion I. Philosophy Feeling or sense (Lat. sensus, Fr. sentiment, Ger. Gefühl) is the direct sensate awareness of an inward state, in which a unique access to reality is articulated. Until well into the modern era, the term encompassed without distinction both sensory perceptions and emotions (affects, passions, moods). During the 18th century, feeling came to be defined more precisely in its cognitive, expressive-¶ ev…

[German Version] I. Religion – II. Philosophy – III. History of Theology and Dogmatics – IV. Ethics…

[German Version] Middle knowledge is so called because it is located between two types of knowledge attributed to God in the Middle Ages. On the one hand, God possesses scientia simplicis intelligentiae (complete knowledge of God's own nature and the whole range of possibilities, also called scientia naturalis). On the other hand, God possesses scientia libera (knowledge of everything, past, present, and future, that happens as the result of an act of God's free will, by which God de…

[German Version] I. History of Religions – II. Philosophy of Religion – III. Dogmatics I. History of Religions As a theological category, damnation belongs primarily in the context of the history of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The etymology of the term itself connotes a local and a judicial dimension: the punishment of expulsion to a real or imaginary place as an exclusion from …

[German Version] I. History – II. Philosophy of Religion – III. Dogmatics and Ethics – IV. Practical Theology – V. Treatment in Education I. History Hitler assumed power in Germany on Jan 30, 1933. From this date onwards, racism and Antisemitism/Anti-Judaism became central components of the Nazi system (National Socialism). During the first months the NSDAP instigated anti-Semitic riots and campaigns of terror that climaxed on the Apr 1, 1933, with a country-wide boycott on Jewish shops and professionals. In additi…

[German Version] I. Religious Studies In archaic cultures, the wellbeing of the community is determined by a fatal power that can be influenced by religious rituals but is ultimately incalculable. In the context of advanced early urban cultures, however, there emerged religious worldviews in which universal concepts of order played a central role. In this historical context, a “functioning world order” (Klimkeit) became the structural principle for models explaining the world. The connection between …

[German Version] General. Over the centuries, the term sensation (Ger. Empfindung, Lat. passio corporalis, sensatio) has taken on many different meanings. As a result, it has the reputation of being extremely slippery and has fallen somewhat out of use. If we ignore its use as a synonym for feeling, it has two related meanings: (a) sensory perception and (b) physical sensation. Physical sensations (e.g. feelings of warmth, pain, itching) provide informatio…

[German Version] I. Philosophy – II. Philosophy of Religion – III. Fundamental Theology – IV. Ethics – V. Practical Theology I. Philosophy To speak of the meaning of a linguistic utterance is ambiguous from a systematic point of view. The various ¶ semantic concepts correspond to various levels of understanding (comprehension of meaning). The first three levels belong to the field of semantics: (1) If the spoken sentence P is free of lexical and grammatical ambiguities in the language of the speaker, then the interpreter understand…

[German Version] I. Philosophy – II. Dogma I. Philosophy ἀπάθεια/ apatheia, “freedom from affects,” is a central concept in Stoic ethics. As did the competing Epicureans (Epicureanism) and Pyrrhoneans (Skepticism), the Stoics saw happiness, regarded as the telos (goal), in inner peace, in …

“Patripassianism” (not to be confused with “theopassionism,” which is a synonym of theopaschitism: see Theopaschites) is a term of abuse referring to theological views that identify God the Father and God the Son so strongly that they seem to imply that Pater passus est (“The Father suffered”). Tertullian ascribed this position to a certain Praxeas and Hippolytus of Rome to Pope Zephyrinus, Pope Callistus, Noetus of Smyrna, Epigonus, Kleomenes, and Sabellius; all of these “patripassians” were active in Rome in the late 2nd and early…

Theopaschitism (from θεός [“God”] and πάσχειν ["suffer”]) is a Christological term denoting the view that God the Logos incarnate has suffered on the cross. Early theopaschite expressions like, for example, “they crucified the Lord of Glory” (1 Cor 2:8), “God’s blood” (Ign. Eph. 1.1), and the “crucified God” (Greg. Naz. Or. 45:29) served to express that in Jesus (Christ, Jesus, 01: Survey) it was really God who suffered on the cross. In the West, which tended to distinguish more strictly between the human and the divine in Jesus than the Ea…

[English Version] I. Philosophisch Die Rede vom S. einer sprachlichen Äußerung ist syst. mehrdeutig. Den verschiedenen Sinnbegriffen entsprechen verschiedene Stufen des Verstehens (Sinnerfassens). Die ersten drei gehören zum Themenfeld der Semantik: (1) Ist der geäußerte Satz P in der Sprache des Sprechers frei …

[English Version] I. Religionsgeschichtlich V. gehört als theol. Kategorie vornehmlich in den Kontext der jüd.-christl.-isl. Religionsgesch. Der Begriff selbst konnotiert etym. eine örtliche und eine juristische Dimension: die Strafe der Verbannung an einen realen oder imaginären Ort als zeitlich begrenzten oder unbegrenzten Ausschluß vom Heil. Dabei ergeben sich in allen drei Traditionen mehrere Spannungsfelder: hinsichtlich der Sache selbst zw. V. als »automatischer« Folge menschlichen Fehlverhal…

[English Version] (»mittleres Wissen«; engl. middle knowledge) wird so bez., weil es zw. zwei Typen von Wissen angesiedelt wird, die Gott im MA zugeschrieben wurden. Auf der einen Seite besitzt Gott »scientia simplicis intelligentiae« (vollkommenes Wissen von Gottes eigener Natur und des gesamten Bereichs der Möglichkeit, auch »scientia naturalis« genannt). Auf der anderen Seite besitzt Gott »scientia liber« (Wissen von allem, das in Vergangenheit, Gegenwart und Zukunft als Resultat eines Aktes de…

[English Version] I. ReligionswissenschaftlichAnders als in archaischen Kulturen, in denen das Wohlergehen der Gemeinschaft aus rel. Sicht durch rituell beeinflußbare, aber letztlich unkalkulierbare Schicksalsmächte bestimmt ist, entwickeln sich im Kontext der frühen städtischen Hochkulturen rel. Weltbilder, in denen universale Ordnungsbegriffe eine zentrale Rolle spielen. Die »funktionierende Weltordnung« (Klimkeit) wird in diesem religionsgesch. Kontext zum Strukturprinzip von Welterklärungsmode…