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(Ῥήβας/ Rhḗbas). [German version] [1] River in Bithynia, present-day Riva Deresi River in Bithynia (Apoll. Rhod. 2,343; 650; Tab. Peut. 9,2 written incorrectly as ad herbas), present-day Riva Deresi; it discharges on the north coast of the Bithynian peninsula east of where the Bosporus flows into the Pontos Euxeinos. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography IK 10,3, 1987, 141 f. [German version] [2] Left-hand tributary of the Lower Sangarius, present-day Gökcesu Left-hand tributary of the Lower Sangarius, which rises on Olympus [13], present-day Gökçesu. Its valle…

(Νικόπολις; Nikópolis). [German version] [1] Town on the upper Nestus river This item can be found on the following maps: | Moesi, Moesia Town on the upper Nestus river on the road from Philippopolis to the Aegean coast (Ptol. 3,11,13: Ν. ἡ περὶ Νέσσον; 8,11,7; Hierocles, Synekdemos 636,5), near modern Goce Delčev (Bulgaria), founded in AD 106 by Traianus. From the 2nd to 4th cents. AD, N. reached a high economic and cultural level (minting from Commodus to Caracalla: HN 287; thermal baths, peristyle buildings, sculpt…

[German version] [1] Son of Amphictyon (Μᾶλος; Mâlos). Son of Amphictyon, eponym of the Malieis and of their city Malieus (Androtion in Steph. Byz. s.v. Μαλιεύς; Malieús). In the poems of Isyllus of Epidaurus (CollAlex 132-135 = [1. 380-383 no. 40]) M. is an Epidaurian king who introduces the cult of Apollo Maleatas. Therefore, M. is probably an Epidaurian etymology to explain the name Maleatas. In Isyllus, M. - through the mediation of Zeus - marries the Muse Erato and becomes the father of Cleophema, hence the grandfather of Aegle [5] and the great-grandfather of Asclepius. von Stuckrad,…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Celts Fortress in  Galatia ( C. Gallograeciae castellum: Liv. 38,18,5), can be identified with the spacious plateau situated near modern Ortakişla (north of Sülüklü) in a bend in the valley, with edges that fall away steeply and have to some extent obviously been consolidated for fortification purposes, and the drop of a massive cut embankment to provide a barrier against the rear elevations; otherwise no identifiable building remains [1. 31]. C. cont…

[German version] (Τρόκμοι/ Trókmoi, Latin Trocmi). Celtic tribe, which, together with the Tolistobogii and led by Lutarius, passed through Thracia (Thracians) in 279/8 BC into the territory of Byzantium; they were recruited by Nicomedes [2] I as allies [1.236-264]. The east Galatian region around central and lower Cappadocia which was won over to support the Pontic kings (probably 274/3 BC) became the home of the T. It was divided into four tribal principalities (tetrarchies with centres of power in …

[German version] (Καταονία; Kataonía). Region and strategia in south-eastern Cappadocia between Taurus and Antitaurus, bordering on Cilicia, Commagene, and Melitene (Str. 11,12,2; 12,1,1-2,4), originally a Luwian-speaking region; in 301 BC, it fell to Seleucus I, probably as a dowry of Stratonice for Ariarathes III of Cappadocia; in AD 17, it became part of the province of Cappadocia, belonged to  Armenia Minor under Diocletian, to Armenia II in AD 386, and to Armenia III in AD 536. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography W. Ruge, s.v. K., RE 10, 2478f. Hild/Restle, 202.

[German version] (Λίβυσσα; Líbyssa, also τὰ Βουτίου; tà Boutíou). Town on the north coast of the Gulf of Izmit on the river Libyssus (Λίβυσσος; Líbyssos, modern Tavsançıl Deresi); nearby was the monument of Hannibal (Arr. FGrH 156 F 28; Plin. HN 5,148; Tzetz. Chil. 1,803ff.). Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography Th. Wiegand, Zur Lage des Hannibalgrabes, in: MDAI(A) 27, 1902, 321-326 W. Ruge, s.v. L./Libyssos, RE 13, 203.

[German version] (Καππάδοξ; Kappádox). Tributary of the  Halys, modern Delice Irmağı (upper course: Karanlık/Boğazlıyan Çayı, north-eastern tributary: Kanak Çayı); rising in northern Cappadocia, the C. is the main river of eastern Galatia. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography W. Ruge, s.v. K., RE 10, 1919f. K. Strobel, Die Galater, 1, 1996.

This item can be found on the following maps: Hellenistic states [German version] [1] City in Cataonia This item can be found on the following maps: Christianity | Coloniae | Education / Culture (Κόμανα; Kómana). City in  Cataonia (Str. 12,2,3), Hittite Kummanni; temple state of the goddess Ma-Enyo (Artemis Tauropolios;  Enyo; Roman  Bellona). Bishopric as early as the Severian period (2nd/3rd cents AD); today's Şar. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography W. Ruge, s.v. Komana, RE 11, 1127f. Hild/Restle, 208f. [German version] [2] C. Pontica This item can be found on the foll…

[German version] (Αἰγοσάγες/ Aigoságes). Celtic tribe recruited by Attalus [4] I in 218 BC for the battle against Achaeus [5] in Thracia and taken to Asia Minor (Pol. 5,77 f.; 5,111,1-7; [1. 233, 243]). In Aeolia (Aeolians [2]) and Mysia, Attalus I operated successfully with the A. who, however, started a mutiny at the Macestus due to a lunar eclipse. Attalus kept his word to the A. and settled them at the Hellespontus where they proceeded to plunder the surrounding cities and finally occupied Iliu…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Celts (Δαδάστανα; Dadástana, also Dabastana). Town in Galatia on the border with Bithynia, c. 20 km west of Nallıhan on the road from Nicaea to Ancyra [2. 31, 106f.]; belonged to Bithynia from the time of Augustus, from that of Diocletian to the prov. Galatia I (Amm. Marc. 25,10,12) [1. 160]. The emperor Jovian died here on 17 February, AD 364, on his way home from the Persian war. Here, a corps belonging to the usurper Procopius went over to Valens in 365 (Amm. Marc. 25,10,12; 26,8,5). Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography 1 Mi…

(Ὕπιος; Hýpios). [German version] [1] River in Asia Minor ( Hyp(p)ius). River, modern Melen Çayı, which flows from Lake Daphnusis (modern Efteni Gölü) to the Black Sea; the upper reaches of the H. are identical to the Küçük Melen Çayı (differently [1]). Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) [German version] [2] Mountain range in Asia Minor ( Hypius mons). Mountains north of  Prusias on the H. (Plin. HN 5,148; differently [1]). Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography 1 L. Robert, A travers l'Asie Mineure, 1980, 11-106. K. Belke, Paphlagonien und Honorias, 1996, 217f. W. Ruge, s.v. H., RE 9,…

(Κάστωρ; Kástōr). [German version] [1] see Dioscuri see  Dioscuri Geus, Klaus (Bamberg) [German version] [2] C. of Rhodos Greek historian, 1st cent. BC Greek historiographer of the first half of the 1st cent. BC, whose vita in Suda s.v. is confused with that of the homonymous Galatian dynast, author of Chronicle in six books from Belus ( Baal) and  Ninus (2123/2 BC) on until the restructuring of the Near East by Pompey (61/0 BC), with lists of kings and officials from Assyria, Sicyon, Argus, Athens, Alba and Rome. The structure of his many-stra…

(Ἀπάμεια; Apámeia). [German version] [1] City in  Bithynia This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Pergamum | Education / Culture City in  Bithynia, 1 km south-east of present-day Mudanya on the Sea of Marmara; founded by Colophon; originally Brylleion; from shortly after 330 BC Myrleia. From 433/32 BC attested as belonging to the  Delian League; at the end of the 4th cent. BC under the rule of Mithridates II of Cius; for a time in the 3rd cent. BC a member of the koinon of Athena Ilias. In 202 BC conquered by Philip V and delivered to Prusias I; newly founded as A…

[German version] A. Roman period Roman double province (after Diocletian, 284-305, only Bithynia) with  Nicomedia as its capital. In 74 BC the death of Nicomedes IV [2;7]; M. Iunius Iuncus, proconsul Asiae, is given the task of securing the kingdom as a Roman province; in the autumn of 74 the province of Bithynia is conferred upon the incumbent consul M.  Aurelius Cotta and Asia and B. established as a unitary customs zone (SEG 39, 1180 = AE 1989, 681 [1;4]). The 3rd Mithridatic war began in early 73 [2; 4; 7; 8]; Mithridate…

[German version] [1] Main town of Cappadocia, modern Kayseri This item can be found on the following maps: Sassanids | Syria | Byzantium | Christianity | Zenobia | | Alexander | Hellenistic states | Hellenistic states | Asia Minor | Limes | Limes | Pompeius | Rome | Rome (Καισάρεια; Kaisáreia, Iranian or cuneiform Mazaka). Main town of  Cappadocia (Str. 12,2,7-9), modern Kayseri. [German version] I. Early History to Roman Times C. succeeded the nearby ancient centre of Kaniš (Kültepe;  Asia Minor), although that was still of importance in Hellenistic and Roman time…

[German version] (Καμουλιαναί; Kamoulianaí, Kamuliana). Settlement on the road from Caesarea/Mazaka to Tavium in Cappadocia, possibly the modern Kermer. Its name is not of Celtic origin (different view in [1. 197f.]); as a place of pilgrimage (image of Christ, translation to Constantinople in AD 574), it became a town under the name of Iustinianopolis; documented as a diocese from AD 553 into the 13th cent. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography 1 Hild/Restle. W. Ruge, s.v. K., RE 10, 1844.

I. Sanctuary [German version] A. Etymology and definition The word νυμφαῖον/ nymphaîon is first attested in the 4th cent. BC, on Delos (IG XI,2,144, A l. 91). It originally designated a sanctuary of the nymphs. A nymphaeum is first attested in Itanus on Crete in the 3rd cent. BC together with a water reservoir (ILS 9458). The Latinised form nymphaeum is first found in Pomponius Mela (first half of the 1st cent. AD, Mela 2,3), for a nymph sanctuary in Chersonessus. Conversely, Plinius (HN 35,151) used the word nymphaeum to describe a well with a statue in it (Corinth). The modern t…

(Προυσίας/ Prousías). [German version] [1] P. I, the Lame King of Bithynia from 230 BC Son of Ziaelas and king of Bithynia c. 230-182 BC. P. gave support to Rhodes after the earthquake of 227 (Pol. 5,90,1) and in alliance with it fought Byzantium, but was unable to keep his conquest (Pol. 4,47-52). In 216 he destroyed the Celtic Aegosages (Pol. 5,111; [1. 43]). Characteristics of his policy were friendship with Macedonia and enmity with Pergamum. In the first of the Macedonian Wars [A] he fought by agreement with Phi…

This item can be found on the following maps: Pontos Euxeinos | Byzantium | Christianity | | Coloniae | Commerce | Hellenistic states | Hellenistic states | Asia Minor | Limes | Natural catastrophes | Pergamum | Pompeius | Patricius | Rome | Rome (Νικομήδεια/ Nikomḗdeia, Latin Nicomedia). [German version] I. From the foundation to the death of Nicomedes IV Town at the northeast end of the gulf of Astacus or N., modern İzmit or Kocaeli. Founded and named by Nicomedes [2] I in 264/3 BC as the capital of the Bithynian kingdom (Memnon FGrH 434 F 12; Arr. FGr…

[German version] [1] Son of Ptolemy I (Ἀργαῖος; Argaîos). Son of Ptolemy I (and of Eurydice?); murdered by Ptolemy II (because of a conspiracy?) after 282 BC. PP 6, 14489. Ameling, Walter (Jena) Bibliography C. Habicht, Argaeus, Ptolemy II. and Alexander's corpse, AHB 2,4, 1988, 88-89. [German version] [2] Volcanic massif in Cappadocia (Ἀργαῖος, also Ἀργαῖον ὄρος; Argaîon oros). Erciyes Daǧı, highest volcanic massif in  Cappadocia (3917 m) south of Kayseri. Volcanic peak of the same name (modern Hasan Daǧı) in south-west Cappadocia (3268 m). Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Coloniae Town in south-western  Cappadocia; the modern Aksaray. Founded after 36 BC by the last Cappadocian king  Archelaus [7] in place of the old centre Garsau(i)ra (as κωμόπολις, komópolis: Str. 12,2,6 with 14,2,29). Elevated by the emperor  Claudius to the status of Colonia Claudia Archelais; from the 4th cent. AD governed as a colonia or civitas Colonia. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography D. French, Latin Inscr. from Aksaray (Colonia Archelais in Cappadocia), in: ZPE 27, 1977, 247-249 F. Hild, M. Restle, Kapp…

[German version] (Μαριανδυνοί; Mariandynoí). Originally a Plāïc-speaking (Paphlagonian) population in northern Anatolia, overlayered by groups of Thracian descent. Area of settlement: to the east of the watershed between the lower Sangarius and Hypius [1], to the south of the coastal area Thyni(a)s (up to Kales), to the west of the Caucones in the area of the lower Billaeus and the Paphlagonian area on the middle Ladon, to the north of Abant and Köroğlu Dağları (Str. 8,3,17; 12,3,4). Subjugated by …

(Ἡράκλεια; Hērákleia). [German version] [1] H. Trachinia This item can be found on the following maps: Aetolians, Aetolia | Peloponnesian War | Education / Culture (Ἡράκλεια ἡ Τραχινία; H. hē Trachinía). City on a rock to the left of and above the exit of the gorge of the  Asopus [1] into the Spercheus plain, separated from Oete ( Oetaei, Oete) on the southern and western flanks by deep streambeds, where the Trachinian rocks rise up with their numerous tomb caves. The lower city has vanished without trace. H. was founded in …

[I] (Γάλλος; Gállos). [German version] [1] River in Bithynia River in Bithynia, modern Mudurnu Çayı, rises near Modrene (modern Mudurnu) in Phrygia Epictetus (Str. 12,3,7; [2], differently [1]) and flows into the lower course of the  Sangarius. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) [German version] [2] Small river through Pessinus Small river that originally flowed through  Pessinus to the  Sangarius [3]. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography 1 W. Ruge, s.v. G., RE 7, 674 2 S. Şahin, Stud. über die Probleme der histor. Geogr. Kleinasiens, in: EA 7, 1986, 125-151 3 Belke, 165f. …

[German version] (Παντ(ε)ίχιον; Pant(e)íchion). Harbour town and fortress south-east of Calchedon in the border region of Nicomedeia, the modern Pendik; already inhabited in Early History. According to Procop. Goth. 3,35,4, Belisarius owned a country estate there. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography F.K. Dörner, s.v. P., RE 18, 779f.  R. Janin, Constantinople Byzantine, 21964, 502  Id., Les églises et les monastères des grands centres byzantins, 1975, 8, 52ff., 62.

[German version] (Προσειλημμενῖται; Proseilēmmenîtai). Inhabitants of the territory of Proseilemmene in the frontier region between Lycaonia and Galatia, originally part of Phrygia Megale, between Karaca Dağ, Paşa Dağı and Tuz Gölü (Tatta Limne); assigned in 25/4 BC as a regio attributa ('associated region') to the urban area of Ancyra, in the Antonine period (late 2nd/early 3rd cents. AD) organized into the urban community of Cinna (Ptol. 5,4,10; [1. 56 f., 59 f.], pace [2. 55, 148]). Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography 1 K. Strobel, Galatien und seine Grenzregionen, in: E.…

[German version] (Ναζιανζός/ Nazianzós, orig. Nadiandós). Settlement in Cappadocia, later in the province of Cappadocia II (Hierocles, Synekdemos 700,5), modern Bekârlar, 30 km east of Aksaray; from AD 325 it is recorded as a bishopric, in the 11th century a metropolitan seat and in the 14th cent. it is described as deserted. Gregorius [3] was bishop here in 382-3. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography Hild/Restle, 244f.  W. Ruge, s.v. Nazianzos, RE 16, 2099-2101.

[German version] (Hittite Naḫita). Important pre- and early historical settlement and Byzantine fortified city [1], modern Niğde. After the destruction of Tyana in AD 833 it took on the function of capital of southern Cappadocia. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography F. Prayon, Kleinasien vom 12.-6. Jahrhundert v.Chr. (TAVO Beiheft B 82), s.v. N. Hild/Restle, 243f.  B. Radt, Anatolien, vol. 1, 1993, 140-143.

(Λύκος; Lýkos). Mythology and religion: L. [1-9], historical persons: L. [10-13], rivers: L. [14-19]. [German version] [1] Son of Poseidon and the Pleiad Celaeno Son of Poseidon and the Pleiad Celaeno [1] (Ps.-Eratosth. Katasterismoi 23), only Apollod. 3,111 mentions his translation to the Islands of the Blessed, possibly to differentiate him from L. [6], with whom he is connected by Hyg. Fab. 31, 76 and 157 in spite of the descent from Poseidon. Scherf, Johannes (Tübingen) [German version] [2] Son of Prometheus and Celaeno Son of Prometheus and Celaeno [1], on whose tomb in th…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Christianity (Ἀραβισ(σ)ός; Arabis(s)ós). Town in  Cappadocia; the modern Afşin (formerly Yarpuz), near the confluence of three tributary sources of the Pyramus (It. Ant. 210,11). At the end of the 4th cent. headquarters of the legio XII Moderatiana. Mentioned from AD 381 as a suffragan bishopric. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography F. Hild, M. Restle, Kappadokien (TIB 2), 1981, 144 f.

[German version] (Ἀσκανία λίμνη; Askanía límnē). Ascanian Lake, also known as Lake  Nicaea in  Bithynia (modern İznik Gölü); the name was applied to the lake and the surrounding region, the western part of which was taken as belonging to Mysia, the eastern one to Phrygia (Str. 12,4,5; Plin. HN 5,40,8). Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography W. Ruge, s.v. A., RE 2, 1610.

[German version] Roman province in central and eastern Asia Minor, with Caesarea [3] as its capital. After the death of  Archealus [7] I in AD 17, the kingdom of  Cappadocia was annexed in 18/19 under the command of Q. Veranius, a legate of Germanicus (Tac. Ann. 2,42,4). The province with an auxiliary garrison was under the administration of a procurator (Tac. Ann. 12,49; Cass. Dio 57,17,7); under Cn. Domitius Corbulo (55-61 and 63-65/66) and L. Iunius Caesennius Paetus (61-63), it was united with  Galatia. In 70/71, the Legio XII Fulminata was transferred to Melitene (Joseph BJ 7,1…

[German version] (Πρείετος/ Preíetos). Port and episcopal city in Bithynia (Bithynia et Pontus), on the southern coast of the Bay of Astacus or Nicomedia, probably near modern Karamürsel, named after the Bithynian god of war P., who had one of his main cult sites there (Konstantinos Porphyrogennetos, De thematibus 1,27: Πραίνετος/ Praínetos; Tab. Peut. 9,2: Pronetios; Plin. HN 31,23: Brietium). Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography F. K. Dörner, s. v. Preietos (2), RE 22, 1832-1835  Id., Inschriften und Denkmäler in Bithynien (IstForsch 14), 1941, 37-40, 65-67, no. 39-42.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Byzantium | | Coloniae (Γέρμα κολωνία, Γερμοκολώνεια; Gérma kolōnía, Germakolṓneia). Colonia Iulia Augusta Felix Germenorum, founded between 25/24 and 21/20 BC; at the crossing of the roads Ancyra - Dorylaeum/Ancyra - Pessinus. Attested as a suffragan diocese until the 12th cent. Ruins near modern Babadat. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography H. v. Aulock, Die röm. Kolonie G., in: MDAI(Ist) 18, 1968, 221-237 Belke, 168f. Mitchell I, 87-90, 151f., 155 M. Waelkens, G., Germokoloneia, Germia, in: Byzantion 4…

[German version] [1] Z. Regia City in Africa Proconsularis This item can be found on the following maps: Coloniae | Punic Wars City in Africa proconsularis, probably modern Seba Biar [1. 416 f.; 2. 321-326; 3. 325 f.; 4; 5. 251 f.; 6. 42 f.]. It was near Z. - at Naraggara - that the decisive battle between Hannibal [4] and P. Cornelius [I 71] Scipio was fought in 202 BC [1. 417-420] (Punic Wars II). In the war with Iugurtha (111-105 BC), Z. was attacked by Q. Caecilius [I 30] Metellus (Sall. Iug. 56 f.). No later tha…

[German version] (Ἀναστασιούπολις; Anastasioúpolis). Town in  Galatia, remains near Dikmen Hüyük. Originally called Lagania, a station on the pilgrim route; recorded as a suffragan diocese from AD 451. Renamed after  Anastasius I (AD 491-518). Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography K. Belke, M. Restle, Galatien und Kappadokien (TIB 4), 1984, 125 f. S. Mitchell, Anatolia. Land, Men and Gods in Asia Minor, vol. 2, 1993, 126 f., 129 f. W. Ruge, s. v. A., RE 12, 454.

(Νεοκαισάρεια/ Neokaisáreia, Lat. Neocaesarea). [German version] [1] Town in Pontos This item can be found on the following maps: Sassanids | Syria | Byzantium | Christianity | Asia Minor | Asia Minor | Limes | Rome | Rome A town in Pontus at the southern foot of the Paryadres near present-day Niksar, at the junction of the east-west route from the Amnias valley and up the Lycus valley via the Comana Pontica [2]-Polemonium road [4; 5; 6.Vol. 1, 17-57]; it is mentioned for the first time in Plin. HN. 6,8. N.'s history is traceable vi…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Celts (Ueteston, Οὐέτεστον). Town in Galatia on the southern edge of the territory of the Tolistobogii (Ptol. 5,4,7; Tab. Peut. 9,5: Vetissus), about 8 km to the west-northwest of modern Sülüklü. Regionally organised in the Roman period as δῆμος Οὐητισσέων/ dêmos Uētisséōn (MAMA 7, 363); numerous inscriptions survive from the region around V. (MAMA 7, 311-401). Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography Belke, 242  E. Kirsten, s. v. V., RE 8 A, 2437-2439.

[German version] (Σωζόπετρα/ Sōzópetra, also Ζιζόατρα/ Zizóatra, Ζάπετρα/ Zápetra; in Arabic sources Zibaṭra or Zubaṭra). City in Cappadocia in the strategia of Lauiansene, which borders on Syria (Ptol. 5,7,10), modern Doğanşehir (formerly Viranşehir), 56 km to the southwest of  Melitene. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography Hild/Restle, 286 f.  E. Honigmann, s.v. S., RE 3 A, 1256.

[German version] (Βασιλικὰ Θέρμα, Θέρμα, Θέρμαι Βασιλικαί; Basilikà Thérma, Thérma, Thérmai Basilikaí). City in Cappadocia, in the border region to East Galatia, today Sarıkaya (previously Terzili Haman). Thermal spa, documented as a diocese since AD 451. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography Hild/Restle, 156f.

(Σκόπας/ Skópas). [German version] [1] Sculptor from Paros, mid 4th cent. BC Sculptor from Paros, active in the mid 4th cent. BC, working mostly in marble and very occasionally in bronze. In the opinion of the ancient world, S. was one of the most important masters of Greek sculpture. Written records ascribe to him approximately 25-30 individual works and major projects, which should probably be allotted to several sculptors with the same name of different generations. The extant pediment sculptures from th…

[German version] (Γαρσάουρα, Γαρσαύιρα; Garsáoura, Garsaúira). Main town of the Cappadocian strategia Garsauritis, modern Aksaray; refounded by  Archelaus [7] as  Archelais (later colonia Claudia Augusta; in Str. 12,2,6 called κωμόπολις). From AD 325 to the 14th cent. attested as a bishopric. The original name was preserved (in the Seljuq period Aqsarā). Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography Hild/Restle, 205f. Mitchell 1, 95f.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Zenobia | Hellenistic states | Hellenistic states | Celts | Asia Minor | Asia Minor | Pergamum (Πεσσινοῦς; Pessinoûs). Town in Phrygia, later part of Galatia. Temple-state with a famous sanctuary of Cybele/Mater Magna (Str. 10,12; 12,5,3), crossed by the sacred creak Gallus [2], which has buried the town area with its silt deposits; modern Ballıhisar. The territory of P. reached the mountain of Dindymum in the north, including its north-eastern slopes up…

[German version] (Κίννα, also Κίνα; Kínna, Kína). Town in the province of Galatia, modern Karahamzalı; in Antonine times (2nd cent. AD), the district of Proseilemmene was organized as a municipality ( Proseilemmenitai); attested as a diocese of Galatia I possibly as early as AD 325, then into the 12th cent. AD. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography Belke, 198 Mitchell 1, 96 K. Strobel, Galatien und seine Grenzregionen, in: E. Schwertheim (ed.), Forsch. in Galatien (Asia Minor Stud. 12), 1994, 59.

(Ἁδριανόπολις; Hadrianópolis). [German version] [1] City in Paphlagonia Caesarea (Καισάρεια; Kaisáreia). City in Paphlagonia in the basin of Eskipazar (formerly Viranşehir), close to the fortress of Semail, the centre of the Paphlagonian region of Sanisene [2]. In 6/5 BC this, together with Potamia and Marmolitis, became a regio attributa [1. 116ff.] of the Paphlagonian eparchía of the province of Galatia, which was soon organized as the pólis of H. (originally Καισαρεῖς Προσειλημμενεῖται [1. no. 1]). Before AD 305/6 H. was defeated and became the province of…

[German version] Place at the exit of the Gulf of Astacus in Bithynia, originally Drepanon, modern Altinova. Birthplace of  Helena [2], elevated to a city in her honour by Constantine [1] and extended by Justinian (Amm. Marc. 26,8,1; Procop. Aed. 5,2). Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography R. Janin, Les églises et les monastères des grands centres byzantins, 1975, 97f. W. Ruge, s.v. Drepanon (4), RE 5, 1687.

[German version] (Τέμβρις/ Témbris, also Témbros, Thýmbris, Tembrógius; modern River Porsuk). Left bank tributary of the Sangarius (Liv. 38,18,8; Plin. HN 6,4; HN 681). It rises in the Dindymum to the south of modern Kütahya, flows first to the north and then turns eastwards past Dorylaeum. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography Belke, 232  W. Ruge, s. v. T., RE 5 A, 433.

[German version] Mountain massif south of Sorgun, in the Hittite period probably the cult mountain Daḫa near Zippalanda (Kuşaklı Höyük). After 600 BC building of the city of Pteria, the largest prehistoric city of Anatolia ( c. 2.5 km2 densely built up): layout to plan with grand administrative and military complexes, later condensing of the existing area; clay brick superstructure of the city wall ( c. 7.5 km long) probably not completed for political reasons; numerous tumuli. New centre of the Phrygian empire - that was restricted because of the Lydian expa…

[German version] (Μέλαινα Ἄκρα/ Mélaina Akra). Bithynian foothills to the east of the northern end of the Bosporus, modern Kara Burun. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography W. Ruge, s.v. Melaina Akra (2), RE 15, 387.