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Charixenus

(231 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
(Χαρίξενος; Charíxenos). [German version] [1] Strategos of the Aetolian League in 281/0 and 270/69 BC C. from Trichonium (Aetolia). In 288/7 BC, 281/0 and 270/69 strategos of the Aetolian League (IG IX2 5, 14, 54) [1. 267 note 4]. Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) [German version] [2] Strategos of the Aetolian League, 3rd cent. BC Aetolian; son of Cydrion. In 260 BC hipparch (IG IX2 18,18); 255/4, 246/5, 241/0 and 234/3 strategos of the Aetolian League (IG IX2 3 B). In the latter role, in 246/5 he invited Greek cities to celebrate the newly organized festival of the  Sote…

Euryptolemus

(129 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[German version] (Εὐρυπτόλεμος; Euryptólemos). Cousin and close friend of Alcibiades [3] and related to the younger Pericles. In 408 BC, E. and  Diotimus [1] were sworn…

Estimation

(294 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[German version] In many ancient political communities, the right of full citizenship, the active or passive right to vote, the assignment to certain arms of service, and the act of splitting the cost of financial services by the state between the citizens, were all contingent upon economical ability and thereby indirectly dependent upon social status. These rights and duties were assigned on the basis of an estimat…

Ergocles

(88 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[German version] (Ἐργοκλῆς; Ergoklês). Athenian strategos. In 404/3 BC, he joined the democrats in Phyle. In 390/89, he operated as a strategos together with Thrasybulus in the Hellespont and on the coast of Asia …

Eikoste

(690 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[German version] (εἰκοστή; eikostḗ). Duty or tax at the rate of a twentieth (5%). 1. In Athens, the Peisistratidae presumably were the first to impose tax on agricultural yields in order to finance wars, magnificent buildings, and ceremonial sacrifices, according to Thuc. 6,54,5, at the rate of 5%. In Aristot. Ath. Pol. 16,4; 16,6, tax is called ‘tithe’ (δεκάτη), (cf. Hdt. 1,64,1). 2. In 413/2 BC, the Athenians imposed import and export tax at the rate of 5% on their symmachoi (allies) in the Delian-Athenian League instead of the   phoroi in order to cover the ris…

Nautikon daneion

(465 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[German version] (ναυτικὸν δάνειον/ nautikòn dáneion; sea loan). The ND was a loan ( dáneion) granted to a long-distance merchant ( émporos) or ship's owner ( naúklēros) at interest (ναυτικὸς τόκος, nautikós tókos) for the duration of a commercial voyage - either for a one-way voyage (ἑτερόπλουν δάνειον, heteróploun dáneion) or for a round trip (ἀμφοτερόπλουν δάνειον, amphoteróploun dáneion) - for which the ship or its freight was the bond ( hypothḗkē [1]). Egyptian documents show that guarantors assumed liability for the fulfilment of the agreement. The loan agreement ( syngraphḗ ), generally in writing, named the parties, the size of the loan, the interest, the securities, the destination of the voyage, the payment period and penalties for violating the agreement (Demosth. Or. 35,10-13). Following expiration of the payment period, the creditor was permitted to take possession of the bond. Unlike all other types of loans, the creditor assumed the risk for the ND. In case of shipwreck or capture he lost his capital as well as interest. Accordingly, the …

Naukleros

(290 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[German version] (ναύκληρος; naúklēros). A naúklēros was a ship-owner or also a captain conducting internal or overseas trade with his own or a leased ship (cf. Hdt. 1,5,2; 4,152,1; Xen. Oec. 8,12). He also offered other traders cargo space for sea transport; the naúklēros was thus not always distinct from the émporos . From the end of the 4th cent. BC, the naúklēroi, who were predominantly foreigners, often formed their own associations, often cultic (Associations); trading societies with their own capital separate from the private wealth of participants …

Phares

(225 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
(Φάραξ/ Phárax). [German version] [1] Spartan military officer (end of the 5th/beginning of the 4th cent. BC) Spartan, in 405 BC second in command at Aigos potamos (…

Misthos

(883 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
(μισθός; misthós). [German version] I. Definition The word misthós was used in Greece in the meaning of ‘price’ or ‘payment’ for a service performed (wage, salary). Misthós also meant the remuneration for granting the use of movable and unmovable goods (cf. μίσθωσις, místhōsis ). Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) [German version] II. Archaic and Classical Period Members of the sub-peasant class (thetes, pelátai ), who hired themselves out as agricultural servants to nobles or farmers, lived on the estate, received provisions and after the end of the year a wage for their work (e.g., clothing, shoes), which was agreed upon in advance in a verbal agreement. Occasionally, the misthós was denied at the end of the year (Hom. Il. 21,444-457; Hdt. 8,137). During seasonal work peaks, seasonal and day labour was added. Misthós also described a prize for …

Kapelos

(298 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[German version] (κάπηλος; kápēlos). The kapelos was a Greek merchant at the local market, selling various goods including foods; he also served wine, vinegar, or other beverages. The specifications added to the word kapelos (e.g. ἐλαιο-, οἰνο-, σιτο-κάπηλος; oil, wine, grain kapelos) show how diverse retail in Athens was in the 5th and 4th cents. BC. Specialized kápēloi were concentrated in specific areas of the market or in specific streets. Female vendors (καπηλίς, kapēlís) are attested as well (cf. Dem. Or. 57,30ff.). The καπηλεῖον ( kapēleîon) was a permanent booth or store…

Androclidas

(156 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[German version] (Ἀνδροκλείδας; Androkleídas). Prominent politician in Thebes. Belonged to the group around  Ismenias, who in 395 BC with Persian money was supposed to involve Sparta in a war, in order to for…

Hekatoste

(358 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[German version] (ἑκατοστή; hekatostḗ). In antiquity  taxes of 1% were called hekatoste: 1. There were numerous forms of hekatoste in Athens (Aristoph. Vesp. 658), like the ἑκατοστὴ ἡ ἐν Πειραιεῖ ( hekatostḗ hē en Peiraieí) mentioned in Ps.-Xen. Ath. pol. 1,17, and the port customs duty documented in IG I3 182 l.15. According to Theophrast (F 650 Fortenbaugh; Stob. 44,20 Wachsmuth-Hense) the buyer of a piece of land had to pay a 1% sales tax. Ancient and Byzantine lexica mention ‘certain hekatoste’ among the sales taxes (ἐπώνια; epṓnia) (Anecd. Bekk. I 255,1). Three fragmentary inscriptions from the time around 330-310 BC document a 1% sales tax on real estate, which the seller or the lessor had to pay (IG II2 1594-1603; SEG 42,130 bis). This hekatoste flowed into the coffers of Athena's treasurers (cf. IG II2 1471 l.10-13; SEG 38,138). 2. In Chalcedon a hekatoste is documented as addition to the selling price for the office of a priest (Syll.…

Mnasippus

(88 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[German version] (Μνάσιππος/ Mnásippos). Spartan, was sent in 373 BC as naúarchos with a fleet against Cercyra, besieged the city and devastated its territories. The Athenians sent a fleet to the aid of Cercyra in 372, but by the time they arrived M. had already lost control of his mercenaries, owing to arrears in pay, and had been defeated. He fell in battle; Sparta discontinued the operation (Xen. Hell. 6,2,3-26; 31; Diod. 15,47,1-7) [1. 414].…

Phayllus

(158 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
(Φάϋλλος/ Pháÿllos). [German version] [1] Phocian strategos (4th cent. BC) A Phocian (Phocis) stratēgós, who was dispatched with 7000 soldiers to support Lycophron [3] of Pherae against  Philip [4] II of Macedonia during the third of the Sacred Wars in 353 BC, but suffered a defeat. After the death of his brother Onomarchus he assumed supreme command over the Phocians as

Strombichides

(113 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[German version] (Στρομβιχίδης/ Strombichídēs). Son of Diotimus [1], Attic strategos in 412/1 BC. His operations against Teosin 412 BC were unsuccessful (Thuc. 8,15,1; 8,16,1-2) and he, Onomaclesand Euctemon besieged Chiosin vain (Thuc. 8,30; 8,33,2-34; 8,38; 8,40 f.; 8,55,2-56,1; 8,61-63). From there he went to the Hellespontus in the spring of 411 in order to salvage Athens's lost authority there (conquest…

Tamia

(66 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[German version] (ταμία/ tamía). In a well-to-do Greek house the tamia managed provisions and objects of value stored in the house, usually in a lockable closet ( Tamieion ; Thalamos ). Among the servants she had a special status and enjoyed the trust of the owner of the house (Hom. Od. 2,345; Pind. Ol. 13,7; Xen. Oec. 9,10-13; 10,10; Lib. Or. 16,47).…

Tamieion

(163 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[German version] (ταμιεῖον, tamieîon). Cash office or strong-room in which monies and objects of value belonging to temples, the polis or private individuals were kept by a bursar or treasurer, a servant of the household (ταμίας/ tamías, ταμία/ tamía). For the Athenian symmachia (Delian League), the Sanctuary of Apollo on Delos was the treasury (κοινὸν ταμιεῖον/ koinón tamieion) for incoming dues (φόροι/ phóroi; Thuc. 1,96,2; Diod. Sic. 11,47,1). In Athens, the ὀπισθόδομος/ opisthódomos was the place in which the financial resources of the polis were kept. Tamieion is also the t…

Apophora

(180 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[German version] (ἀποφορά; apophorá). Payment made by independently working slaves to their master (And. 1,38; Hyp. Ath. 9; 19; Theophr. Char. 30,15). Aeschines (1,97) set the amount of the apophora for a trained craftsman at two oboli daily and for the head of the ergasterion (ἡγημών; hēgēmṓn) at three. The revenue exceeding this amount remained with the slave, who was in this way able to earn money to purchase freedom and occasionally even acquire…

Emporos

(443 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[German version] (ἔμπορος; émporos). In the Odyssey emporos is a passenger travelling on a foreign ship (Hom. Od. 2,319; 24,300f.). The merchant and shipowner trading in goods for profit, however, is called πρηκτήρ ( prēktḗr) or ἀρχὸς ναυτάων ( archós nautáōn) in Od. 8,161-164. In keeping with epic language travellers on land and sea are emporoi in Attic tragedies. Hesiod, however, already uses ἐμπορίη ( emporíē; Hes. Op. 646) to describe trading by ship and Herodotus also uses the word in that sense . In the Classical period emporos was used in particular of a merchant tradin…

Diagraphein, diagraphe

(253 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[German version] (διαγράφειν, διαγραφή; diagráphein, diagraphḗ) . (1) In Attic procedural law, diagraphḗ referred to the deletion of a suit from the court list after the prosecutor had either abandoned the case or failed to pay the court fees, or if the defendant objected to the admissibility of the action either by   paragraphḗ (παραγραφή) or by   diamartyría (διαμαρτυρία). (2) The term diagraphḗ is also used for the registration of shares in mines leased from the polis, with their respective boundaries, in a register (Harpocr. s.v. διαγραφή). (3) Additionally, it is a banking term, meaning ‘to pay’ and ‘order payment’, derived from that the technical term diagraphḗ referring both to the payment procedure itself as well as to the entry in the bank register and the bank's certificate confirming the transaction conducted, be it a cash payment of a transfer between accounts. Diagraphaí are known since the 3rd cent. BC; from the late 1st cent. AD, they are no longer just bank receipts confirming transactions ─ a kind of statement of account by the bank ─ but also serve as documents for the underlying business transaction. Their use ceased towards the end of the 3rd cent. AD.  Banks Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) Bibliography 1 R. S. Bagnall, K. A. Worp, SPP XX 74: The Last Preserved Bank-Diagraphe, in: Tyche 10, 1995, 1-7 2 R. Bogaert, Banques et banquiers dans les cités grecques, 1968, 50-54, 57-59 3 A. R. W. Harrison, The Law of Athens 2, 1971, 104f. 4 J. F. H…

Charidemus

(227 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
(Χαρίδημος; Charídēmos). [German version] [1] Member of an Athenian delegation, 4th cent. BC Member of an Athenian delegation which in 359 BC requested the help of Philip II in taking Amphipolis (Theopomp. FGrH 115 F 30a). Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) …

Eisphora

(546 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[German version] (εἰσφορά; eisphorá). In Athens, the eisphora was an extra-budgetary, direct wealth-tax imposed on wealthy Athenians during financial crises, primarily during wars, by order of the public assembly. According to Aristot. Ath. Pol. 8,3, an eisphora supposedly existed already in the Solonic period. However, the wording of the law cited there mentions only a general collection of taxes through the   naukraroi . According to Thuc. 3,19,1, an eisphora was imposed in 428/7 BC for the first time (πρῶτον) in the amount of 200 talents due to the high costs of war. Since an eisphora is already documented (B Z. 17) in the so-called Callias decree (IG I3 52) of 434/3 BC, the πρῶτον in Thuc. apparently must be referred to the stated amount of 200 talents (SEG 40,4). According to Pollux 8,129f., the eisphora was a progressive tax imposed in various rates on pentakosiomedimnoi, hippeis, and zeugitai. It is a matter of debate whether the frequent

Laches

(266 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
(Λάχης; Láchēs). [German version] [1] Athenian strategós from a wealthy family, sent to Sicily in 427 BC with 20 warships Athenian stratēgós from a wealthy family, sent to Sicily in 427 BC with 20 warships to protect the cities allied to Leontini (Thuc. 3,86) against Syracuse, he successfully led a number of campaigns out of Rhegium against the Aeolian Islands, Mylae, Inessa and the Locrians (Thuc. 3,88; 90; 99; 103; Diod. Sic. 12,54,4f.). After his return in the winter of 426/5 (Thuc. 3,115), he was prosecuted without success by Cleon [1] (Aristoph. Vesp. 240-244 with schol.; 836-838; 894-1008). Early in 423, a one-year truce was agreed with Sparta at his request (Thuc. 4,118,11-14). Together with Nicias, L. negotiated a peace agreement in Sparta, and early in 421, he was among…

Erasinides

(160 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[German version] (Ἐρασινίδης; Erasinídēs). Athenian strategos. In 409 BC he petitioned that Thrasybulus of Calydon be honoured with a golden wreath for the killing of the oligarch Phrynichus (IG I3 102). Elected strategos in the spring of 407, in 406 E. was encircled with Conon at Mytilene, but was able to fight his way through b…

Tamias

(870 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[German version] (ταμίας/ tamías, pl. ταμίαι/ tamíai). Administrator of temple coffers or state coffers. In Athens the tamiai of Athena (ταμίαι. τῆς θεοῦ, tamíai tȇs theoû) held the most important treasury office. The ten tamiai were appointed by lot from the property class of the

Melon

(118 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[German version] (Μέλων; Mélōn). A Theban. Together with Pelopidas and other conspirators, he prepared from Athens for the overthrow of the oligarchy at Thebes in 379 BC. Having secretly returned, they killed the polémarchoi and Leontiades [2], one of the leading figures among the oligarchs (Xen. Hell. 5,4,2-9; Plut. Pelopidas 8-12; Plut. de genio Socratis 576a; 587d; 596d; 597a). They freed the political prisoners and proclaimed freedom, were honoured in the people's assembly and elected as boeotarchs (Plut. Pelopidas 12,7-13,1). They su…

Lamachus

(165 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[German version] (Λάμαχος; Lámachos). Athenian, carried out a successful expedition in c. 436/…

Mnasilochus

(62 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[German version] (Μνασίλοχος; Mnasílochos). Athenian, in 411 BC árchōn during the oligarchic regime of the 400 ( tetrakósioi ). After two months in office dismissed by the 5000 (Aristot. Ath. Pol. 33,1; IG I3…

Leotrophides

(57 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[German version] (Λεωτροφίδης; Leōtrophídēs). Athenian stratēgós, who together with Timarchus defeated the Megarans at Mount Cerata on the Attic-Megaran border in 409 BC (Diod. Sic. 13,65,1f.); probably identical with the chorēgós L. mocked for his leanness in Aristophanes (Av. 1406), Theopomp. Com. fr. 25 and Hermippus fr. 36 PCG. Traill, PAA 607065. Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)

Agoratus

(121 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[German version] (Ἀγόρατος; Agóratos). Metic in Piraeus, son of the slave Eumares. In 409 BC, A. was honoured because of his participation in the murder of the oligarch  Phrynichus (GHI2 85; IG I3 102). I…

Pentekoste

(333 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[German version] (πεντηκοστή/ pentēkostḗ, the 'fiftieth') was a duty at the rate of two per cent. There is evidence of pentekostaí in many Greek cities, such as Athens, Epidaurus, Troezen, Cyparissia, Ceos, Delos, Cimolos (SEG 44,710 Z.31), Erythrae, Cnidus, Halicarnassus, in the Hermias region and in the cities of Upper Egypt, as an import and export duty raised ad valorem on all goods. Before ships were loaded or unloaded goods had to be declared to the πεντηκοστολόγοι ( pentēkostológoi). In Athens the tax on foreign trade amounted to one per cent until the Peloponnesia…

Callimedon

(176 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[German version] (Καλλιμέδων; Kallimédōn). Athenian, son of Callicrates, pro-oligarchic politician. He was forced to leave Athens before 324 BC because of his pro-Macedonian position. In Megara he participated in the anti-constitutional activities of the Athenian émigrés, which is why Demosthenes [2] had an   eisangelia i…

Chabrias

(366 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[German version] (Χαβρίας; Chabrías). Important Athenian general and mercenary leader. Taking part in  Thrasybulus' campaigns in Thrace during the Corinthian War, at the beginning of 389 BC he succeeded  Iphicrates as general in the Peloponnese. In 388 he set off for Cyprus with Athenian forces to support King Evagoras against Persia. On the way there, victory against the Spartans on Aegina (Xen. Hell. 5,1,10-13). When the King's Peace (386) made it impossible for him to remain in Cyprus, C. entere…

Peloponnesian War

(1,544 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[German version] A. Definition The term PW is primarily used to describe the military confrontation between Athens and its allies on the one hand (Delian League) and Sparta and its confederates on the other (Peloponnesian League) between 431 and 404 BC. The term PW ( Peloponnēsiakòs pólemos) occurs first in Diodorus Siculus [18] (12,37,2; 13,107,5 etc.); it was already familiar to Cicero (Cic. Rep. 3,44: magnum illud Peloponnesiacum bellum), but probably dates back to Ephorus or a Hellenistic chronicler [3. 60 n. 65; 5. 294f.]. Thucydides speaks of the 'War of the Peloponnesians and Athenians' (Thuc. 1,1,1) or the 'War against the Athenians' or 'against the Peloponnesians'. The main source for the PW is Thucydides (until 411), but for its final years, the reports of esp. Xen…

Apotimema

(178 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[German version] (ἀποτίμημα; apotímēma). In cases of wardship the archont transferred the orphan's wealth after an evaluation to the guardian or tenant, who provided a collateral-like surety, the apotimema, for it. The procedure secured the ward's direct access to the mortgaged items at a later time and by granting the apotimema permitted the guardian or tenant to free himself from further demands by the ward. Likewise, the husband provided an apotimema for the dowry received in endowments, so that he was freed from the obligation of reversal in case of a marriage…

Phratria

(502 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
(φρατρία/ phratría, 'brotherhood'). [German version] A. Origin and definition In older research the Greek phratries were thought to be associations of kin dating from the migration period (Doric migration Colonisation II). According to more recent research they supposedly derive from neighbourly organizations, which first took on increasing significance in the Archaic period (after the 8th cent. BC). Yet the fact that the term

Macartatus

(282 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
(Μακάρτατος; Makártatos). [German version] [1] Athenian, fell in battle in 458/7 or Athenian, fell in battle in 458/7 or c. 410 BC as a cavalryman against the Lacedaemonians The Athenians M. and Melanopus fell in battle in 458/7 or c. 410 BC as cavalrymen in the battle against the Lacedaemonians and Boeotians in the border territory between Tanagra and Eleon. Pausanias (1,29,6) saw a stele dedicated to the two of them in the Kerameikos. A remnant of the base of this stele appears to have been found (IG I3 1288). Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) Bibliography PA 9658 Traill, PAA 631475. [German version] [2] Athenian, died on the journey to Crete Athenian, sold (probably before 378 BC) his estate in Prospalta, bought a trireme and journeyed to Crete. As a result, the Athenians feared for peace with…

Monopoly

(579 words)

Boeotarchs

(170 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[German version] …

Gryllus

(113 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
(Γρύλλος; Grýllos). [German version] [1] Father of Xenophon Athenian; father of  Xenophon. Traill, PAA 281935. Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) [German version] [2] Son of Xenophon, 4th cent. BC Son of  Xenophon, born after 399 BC. G. was brought up with his brother Diodorus in Sparta. In 362 both fought in the Athenian army as allies of Sparta; G. died fighting on horseback in a skirmish before the battle of Mantinea and was greatly honoured for this (Xen. Hell. 7,5,15-17; Diog. Laert. 2,52-55; Paus. 8,9,5). In Athens a pai…

Theramenes

(497 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[German version] (Θηραμένης/ Thēraménēs). Important Athenian politician and commander in the late 5th cent. BC; son of Hagnon [1]; teacher of Isocrates. T. participated in the oligarchic overthrow of Athens in 411, was a member of the council of 400 ( T etrakósioi ) and stratēgós . He opposed efforts to e…

Phanosthenes

(95 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[German version] (Φανοσθένης; Phanosthénēs) of Andros. He was named próxenos ( proxenía ) and euergétēs of the Athenians, probably because of his services in introducing shipbuilding timber; he was later granted Athenian citizenship and was selected as

Menexenus

(101 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
(Μενέξενος; Menéxenos). [German version] [1] Son of Socrates A son of Socrates, still a child when his father died (Plat. Apo. 34d; Phd. 116b; Diog. Laert. 2,26). See Socratics. Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) Bibliography A.-H. Chroust, A Comment On Aristotle's On Noble Birth, in: WS 85 N.F. 6, 1972, 19-32 PA 9975 Traill, PAA 644865. [German version] [2] Pupil of Socrates Pupil of the Sophist Ctesippus, a relative, and of Socrates, at whose death he was present (Plat. Lys. 206d; 211c; Plat. Phd. 59b). Plato named his dialogue ‘M.’ after him. See Socratics. Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) Bib…

Callixenus

(112 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[German version] (Καλλίξενος; Kallíxenos). Athenian, successfully pleaded in the Council in 406 BC for a sentencing of the generals because they failed to rescue shipwreck victims after the battle of the Arginusae; his request to have the generals executed when found guilty was submitted to the popular assembly. After  Euryptolemus was forced to drop a suit of unlawfulness ( Paranomon graphe), the generals were sentenced to death. Later when proceedi…

Rhinon

(186 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[German version] (Ῥίνων; Rhínōn). Attic politician, who was a member (Paredros) of the Hellēnotamíai in 417/6 BC and after the fall of the Thirty (Triakonta) was one of the committee of the Ten (Deka), which in 403 achieved reconciliation with the democrats in Piraeus and their return to the city. After democracy was restored, R. accounted for his actions in office and was elected stratēgós for 403/2 and treasurer of the goddess Athena and the other gods for the year 402/1 (ML 77,26 f.; [Aristot.] Ath. pol. 38,3 f.; Aristot. fr. 611 Rose2; Isoc. Or. 18,6; 18,8; IG II/II2 1371). Aeschines [1]…

Corinthian War

(374 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[German version] A war named after the area of military operations around  Corinth; triggered by a border conflict between Locrians and Phocians in 395 BC, and brought to an end by the  King's Peace in 386. Sparta as an ally of the Locrians invaded the Phocians' ally Boeotia, which entered into a military alliance ( symmachia) with Athens. After the Spartan defeat outside  Haliartus in 395 (death of  Lysander), Corinth and Argos joined the Athenian-Theban

Cleitophon

(67 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[German version] (Κλειτοφῶν; Kleitophôn). Athenian, a disciple of  Socrates (Pl. Resp. 1,328b; 340a-b). Plato's dialogue C . is named after him. C. proposed to consider Cleisthenes' constitution for the planned changes in 411 BC. In 404 he represented the

Phratrie

(446 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
(φρατρία, “Bruderschaft”). [English version] A. Ursprung und Definition In der älteren Forsch. wurden die griech. Ph. als Verwandtschaftsverbände gesehen und auf die Wanderungszeit (Dorische Wanderung; Kolonisation II.) zurückgeführt. Nach neueren Forsch. sollen sie auf nachbarschaftliche Vereinigungen zurückgehen und erst in archa. Zeit (seit dem 8. Jh.v.Chr.) zunehmende Bed. gewonnen haben. Doch spricht die Tatsache, daß der Begriff phrátēr bereits in den Epen des 8. Jh.v.Chr. nicht mehr “leiblicher Bruder” bedeutet, für ein hohes Alter der Ph. al…

Eisphora

(498 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[English version] (εἰσφορά). Die e. war in Athen eine außerordentliche direkte Vermögenssteuer, die in finanziellen Notlagen, vorwiegend in Kriegszeiten, auf Beschluß der Volksversammlung von reichen Athenern erhoben wurde. Nach Aristot. Ath. pol. 8,3 soll es bereits in solonischer Zeit eine e. gegeben haben, doch der dort zitierte Gesetzestext spricht nur allgemein von der Einziehung von Abgaben durch naukraroi . Nach Thuk. 3,19,1 wurde 428/7 v.Chr. wegen der hohen Kriegskosten zum ersten Mal (πρῶτον) eine e. in Höhe von 200 Talenten erhoben. Da bereits im sog. Kalli…

Mnasippos

(82 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[English version] (Μνάσιππος). Spartiat, wurde 373 v.Chr. als naúarchos mit einer Flotte gegen Kerkyra gesandt, belagerte die Stadt und verwüstete deren Gebiet. Die Athener sandten 372 Kerkyra eine Flotte zu Hilfe, doch schon vor deren Ankunft hatte M. wegen ausstehenden Solds die Kontrolle über seine Söldner verloren und war geschlagen worden. Er fiel im Kampf; …

Aineas

(51 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[English version] (Αἰνέας). Aus Stymphalos. Stratege der Arkader um 366 v. Chr. (Xen. hell. 7,3,1). Ob mit Aineias [2] Taktikos identisch, ist nicht zu entscheiden. Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) Bibliography D. Whitehead, Aineias the Tactician, 1990, 10-13  A. Winterling, Polisbegriff und Stasistheorie des Aeneas Tacticus, in: Historia 40, 1991, 191-229, 201.

Chabrias

(336 words)

Rhinon

(184 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[English version] (Ῥίνων). Att. Politiker, der 417/6 v. Chr. Beisitzer ( párhedros ) der hellēnotamíai war und nach dem Sturz der “Dreißig” ( triákonta ) zu dem Gremium der Zehnmänner ( déka

Ergokles

(77 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[English version] (Ἐργοκλῆς). Athenischer Stratege. Schloß sich 404/3 v.Chr. den Demokraten in Phyle an. Operierte 390/89 als Stratege mit Thrasybulos im Hellespont und an der kleinasiatischen Küste. Nach seiner Rückkehr wurde er wegen Unterschlagung, Bestechung und Amtsmißbrauchs angeklagt und zum Tode verurteilt; sein Vermögen wurde konfisziert (Lys. 28). Da die unterschlagenen Gelder nicht gefunden wurden, verdächtigte man Philokrates, Trierarch und…

Naukleros

(268 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[English version] (ναύκληρος). Ein n. war ein Schiffseigentümer oder aber ein Kapitän, der mit einem eigenen oder gepachteten Schiff Binnen- oder Überseehandel trieb (vgl. Hdt. 1,5,2; 4,152,1; Xen. oik. 8,12). Darüber hinaus bot er anderen Händlern Laderaum für den Seetransport an; daher wurde der n. nicht immer klar vom émporos unterschieden. Seit Ende des 4. Jh.v.Chr. schlossen sich die naúklēroi, die vorwiegend Fremde waren, zu Vereinigungen, häufig Kultvereinen (Vereine), zusammen; Handelsgesellschaften, die über ein vom Privatvermögen der Teilhaber getrenntes Kapital verfügten, bildeten sich jedoch nicht heraus. Besondere Rechtsverfahren ( emporikaí díkai ; emporikoí nómoi ) gewährten den n. in Athen unabhängig von ihrem Status Rechtsschutz. In übertragener Bed. bezeichnet

Phayllos

(153 words)

Melon

(104 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[English version] (Μέλων). Thebaner, bereitete von Athen aus mit Pelopidas und anderen Verschworenen den Sturz der Oligarchie in Theben 379 v.Chr. vor. Heimlich zurückgekehrt, töteten sie die polémarchoi und Leontiades [2], einen der führenden Köpfe der Oligarchen (Xen. hell. 5,4,2-9; Plut. Pelopidas 8-12; Plut. de genio Socratis 576a; 587d; 596d; 597a). Sie befreiten die polit. Gefangenen und proklamierten die Freiheit, wurden in der Volksversammlung geehrt …

Kapelos

(286 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[English version] (κάπηλος). Der k. war ein griech. Kleinhändler auf dem lokalen Markt und verkaufte verschiedene Waren, darunter auch Nahrungsmittel; außerdem schenkte er Wein, Essig oder andere Getränke aus. Die zum Wort k. hinzugesetzten Spezifizierungen (z.B. ἐλαιο-, οἰνο-, σιτο-κάπηλος; Öl-, Wein-, Getreide- k.) zeigen, wie differenziert der Kleinhandel in Athen im 5. und 4. Jh.v.Chr. war. Spezialisierte kápēloi konzentrierten sich an bestimmten Stellen des Marktes oder in bestimmten Straßen. Auch Kleinhändlerinnen (καπηλίς, kapēlís) sind belegt (vgl. Demosth.…

Kallixenos

(100 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[English version] (Καλλίξενος). Athener, plädierte 406 v.Chr. im Rat erfolgreich für eine Verurteilung der Strategen wegen unterlassener Bergung von Schiffbrüchigen nach der Arginusenschlacht; sein Antrag, die Strategen bei Schuldspruch hinzurichten, wurde der Volksversammlung vorgelegt. Nachdem Euryptolemos gezwungen worden war, eine Klage wegen Gesetzwidrigkeit ( paranómōn graphḗ ) fallenzulassen, wurden die Strategen zum Tode verurteilt. Als man später gegen die Ankläger vorging, entfloh K. und kehrte erst nach der Amn…

Pentekoste

(307 words)

Apophora

(174 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[English version] (ἀποφορά). Abgabe, die selbständig arbeitende Sklaven an ihren Herrn zu entrichten hatten (And. 1,38; Hyp. Ath. 9; 19; Theophr. char. 30,15). Die Höhe der

Emporos

(430 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[English version] (ἔμπορος). In der Odyssee ist e. ein Passagier, der auf fremdem Schiff mitfährt (Hom. Od. 2,319; 24,300f.). Der Händler und Schiffseigner, der Waren wegen des Gewinnes verhandelt, heißt in Od. 8,161-164 hingegen πρηκτήρ ( prēktḗr) bzw. ἀρχὸς ναυτάων ( archós nautáōn). In Anlehnung an die epische Sprache sind e. in att. Tragödien Reisende zu Land und See. Bereits Hesiod aber bezeichnet mit ἐμπορίη ( emporíē; Hes. erg. 646) das Verhandeln von Waren zu Schiff, und in diesem Sinne gebraucht auch Herodot (2,39,2) den Begriff e. In klass. Zeit steht e. insbesondere für den…

Erasinides

(149 words)

Korinthischer Krieg

(343 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[English version] Nach dem mil. Operationsgebiet um Korinthos benannter Krieg, ausgelöst durch einen Grenzkonflikt zwischen Lokrern und Phokern 395 v.Chr. und beendet durch den Königsfrieden 386. Sparta rückte als Verbündeter der Lokrer in das mit den Phokern verbündete Boiotien ein, das mit Athen eine Symma…

Menexenos

(99 words)

Phanosthenes

(94 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[English version] (Φανοσθένης) von Andros. Er wurde wahrscheinlich wegen seiner Verdienste um die Einfuhr von Schiffsbauhölzern zum próxenos ( proxenía ) und euergétēs der Athener ernannt, erhielt später das attische Bürgerrecht und wurde für 407/6 v.Chr. zum stratēgós

Argyrologoi nees

(89 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[English version] …

Androkleidas

(142 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[English version] (Ἀνδροκλείδας). Prominenter Politiker Thebens. Gehörte zur Gruppe um Ismenias, die 395 v. Chr. mit persischem Geld Sparta in einen Krieg verwickeln sollte, um Agesilaos [2] zum Abzug aus Kleinasien zu zwingen und in Theben die Spartafreunde um Leontiades zu schwächen. Auf Anraten des A. half Theben den Lokrern im Krieg gegen die Phoker, was Sparta zum Eingreifen veranlaßte (Hell. Oxyrh. 20,1-2; 21 Chambers; Xen. hell. 3,5,1-5; Plut. Lysander 27). Als die Spartaner 382 die Kadmeia…

Gryllos

(101 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
(Γρύλλος). [English version] [1] Vater Xenophons Athener; Vater Xenophons. Traill, PAA 281935. Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) [English version] [2] Sohn Xenophons, 4. Jh. v.Chr. Sohn Xenophons, geb. nach 399 v.Chr. G. wurde mit seinem Bruder Diodoros in Sparta erzogen. 362 kämpften beide im athenischen Heer als Verbündete Spartas; G. fiel als Reiter in einem Gefecht vor der Schlacht von Mantineia und wurde deswegen hoch geehrt (Xen. hell. 7,5,15-17; Diog. Laert. 2,52-55; Paus. 8,9,5). In Athen zeigte ein Gemälde der Schlacht G. und den boiot. Feldherr…

Nautikon daneion

(416 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[English version] (ναυτικὸν δάνειον; Seedarlehen). Bei dem n.d. handelt sich um ein Darlehen ( dáneion), das einem Fernhändler ( émporos) oder Schiffseigner ( naúklēros) gegen Zins (ναυτικὸς τόκος, nautikós tókos) für die Dauer einer Handelsfahrt - für eine einfache Fahrt (ἑτερόπλουν δάνειον, heteróplun dáneion

Eikoste

(630 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[English version] (εἰκοστή). Abgabe bzw. Steuer in Höhe eines Zwanzigstels (5%). 1. In Athen sollen erstmals die Peisistratiden eine Steuer auf landwirtschaftliche Erträge erhoben haben, um Kriege, prachtvolle Bauten und Festopfer zu finanzieren, nach Thuk. 6,54,5 in Höhe von 5%. In Aristot. Ath. pol. 16,4; 16,6 ist die Steuer als “Zehnt” (δεκάτη) bezeichnet (vgl. Hdt. 1,64,1). 2. 413/2 v.Chr. legten die Athener ihren symmachoi (Verbündeten) im Delisch-Attischen Seebund statt der phoroi eine Ein- und Ausfuhrsteuer zur See in Höhe von 5% auf, um…

Kallimedon

(160 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[English version] (Καλλιμέδων). Athener, Sohn des Kallikrates, oligarchisch gesinnter Politiker. Wegen seiner promaked. Haltung mußte er vor 324 v.Chr. Athen verlassen. In Megara beteiligte er sich an verfassungsfeindlichen Umtrieben athen. Emigranten, weswegen Demosthenes [2] eine Eisangelia gegen ihn einbrachte (Deinarch. 1,94). Während des Lamischen Krieges hiel…

Kleitophon

(68 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[English version] (Κλειτοφῶν). Athener, Schüler des Sokrates (Plat. rep. 1,328b; 340a-b). Nach ihm ist Platons Dialog K. benannt. K. beantragte im J. 411 v.Chr., bei der geplanten Verfassungsänderung die kleisthenische Verfassung zu berücksichtigen. 404 trat er zusammen mit Theramenes und anderen für die pátrios politeía

Agoratos

(109 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[English version] (Ἀγόρατος). Metoikos im Piräus, Sohn des Sklaven Eumares. 409 v. Chr. wurde A. wegen Beteiligung an der Ermordung des Oligarchen Phrynichos geehrt (GHI2 85; IG I3 102). 404 denunzierte er beim Rat die Gegner des von Theramenes ausgehandelten Friedensvertrages mit Sparta. Sie wurden wegen Verrats verurteilt und hingerichtet. Später erhielt A. Bü…

Diagraphein, diagraphe

(224 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[English version] (διαγράφειν, διαγραφή). (1) Im att. Prozeßrecht bedeutete die diagraphḗ die Streichung einer auf der Gerichtstafel verzeichneten Klage, wenn der Kläger die Klage aufgab, die Gerichtsgebühr nicht erlegte oder wenn der Verklagte durch paragraphḗ (παραγραφή) oder diamartyría (διαμαρτυρία) Einspruch gegen die Zulässigkeit der Klage erhob. …

Charixenos

(210 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
(Χαρίξενος). [English version] [1] Stratege des Aitolischen Bundes 281/0 und 270/69 v.Chr. Ch. aus Trichonien (Aitolien). 288/7 v.Chr., 281/0 und 270/69 Stratege des aitolischen Bundes (IG IX2 5, 14, 54) [1. 267 Anm. 4]. Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) [English version] [2] Stratege des Aitolischen Bundes, 3. Jh. v.Chr. Aitoler, Sohn des Kydrion. 260 v.Chr. Hipparch (IG IX2 18,18) und 255/4, 246/5, 241/0 und 234/3 Stratege des aitolischen Bundes (IG IX2 3 B). Als solcher lud er 246/5 griech. Städte ein, das neu organisierte Fest der Soterien in Delphi zu feiern […

Charidemos

(205 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
(Χαρίδημος). [English version] [1] Mitglied einer athenischen Gesandtschaft, 4. Jh. v.Chr. Mitglied einer athenischen Gesandtschaft, die 359 v.Chr. die Hilfe Philipps II. zur Gewinnung von Amphipolis erbat (Theop. FGrH 115 F 30a). Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) [English version] [2] Söldnerführer aus Oreos, 4. Jh. v.Chr. Söldnerführer aus Oreos. Hauptquelle Demosth. or. 23, bes. 144ff. Ch. trat 3…

Boiotarchen

(150 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[English version] Wichtigstes Amt im Boiotischen Bund. Das Kollegium der von den Bundesbezirken auf ein Jahr gewählten B. bestand vor 386 v.Chr. aus elf, nach 364 aus sieben und 338 zeitweise aus acht Personen. Größere Städte stellten zwei, Theben nach der Einnahme Plataias (427 und 373) vier B. Zu den weitreichenden Amtsvollmachten gehörten u.a. probuleutische Funktionen gegenüber der Bundesversammlung und Gesandtschaftsdienste, vor allem aber das mil. Kommando über die Truppen des Bundes. Der Ob…

Euryptolemos

(113 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[English version] …

Leotrophides

(54 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[English version] (Λεωτροφίδης). Athenischer stratēgós, der 409 v.Chr. gemeinsam mit Timarchos die Megarer beim attisch-megarischen Grenzgebirge Kerata besiegte (Diod. 13,65,1f.); wohl ident. mit dem bei Aristophanes (Av. 1406), Theopomp. Com. fr. 25 und Hermippos fr. 36 PCG wegen seiner Magerkeit verspotteten Choregen (

Laches

(251 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
(Λάχης). [English version] [1] Athenischer strategós aus reicher Familie, 427 v. Chr. mit 20 Kriegsschiffen nach Sizilien gesandt Athenischer stratēgós aus reicher Familie, wurde 427 v.Chr. mit 20 Kriegsschiffen nach Sizilien gesandt, um die mit Leontinoi verbündeten Städte vor Syrakus zu schützen (Thuk. 3,86), und führte von Rhegion aus erfolgreich mehrere Unternehmungen gegen die aiolischen Inseln, gegen Mylai, Inessa und die Lokrer (Thuk. 3,88; 90; 99; 103; Diod. 12,54,4f.). Nach seiner Rückkehr im Winter 426/5…

Apotimema

(177 words)

Hekatoste

(325 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[English version] (ἑκατοστή). Als H. wurden in der Ant. Steuern in Höhe von 1 % bezeichnet: 1. In Athen gab es zahlreiche Formen der H. (Aristoph. Vesp. 658), so die bei Ps.-Xen. Ath. pol. 1,17 genannte ἑκατοστὴ ἡ ἐν Πειραιεῖ ( hekatostḗ hē en Peiraieí) und der in IG I3 182 Z.15 belegte Hafenzoll. Nach Theophrast (F 650 Fortenbaugh; Stob. 44,20 Wachsmuth-Hense) mußte bei Grundstücksverkäufen der Käufer eine einprozentige Verkaufssteuer erlegen. Auch die ant. und byz. Lexika zählen zu den Verkaufssteuern (ἐπώνια) “gewisse H.” (Anecd. Bekk. I 255,1). Drei frg. erhaltene Inschriftstellen aus der Zeit um 330-310 v.Chr. belegen eine einprozentige Verkaufssteuer bei Immobilien, die der Verkäufer bzw. Verpächter zu entrichten hatte (IG II…

Misthos

(832 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
(μισθός). [English version] I. Definition Das Wort m. wurde in Griechenland in der Bed. “Preis” oder “Bezahlung” für eine erbrachte Leistung (Lohn, Sold) verwendet. Daneben bezeichnet m.

Peloponnesischer Krieg

(1,354 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[English version] A. Bezeichnung Als P.K. wird in erster Linie die mil. Auseinandersetzung Athens und seiner Bündner (Attisch-Delischer Seebund) mit Sparta und dessen Bundesgenossen (Peloponnesischer Bund) zwischen 431 und 404 v.Chr. bezeichnet. Die Bezeichnung P.K. ( Peloponnēsiakós pólemos) taucht zuerst bei Diodoros [18] auf (12,37,2; 13,107,5 u.ö.), ist Cicero bereits geläufig (Cic. rep. 3,44:

Lamachos

(147 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[English version] (Λάμαχος). Athener, führte ca. 436/5 v.Chr. erfolgreich ein Kommando gegen den Tyrannen von Sinope durch (Plut. Perikles 20,1). L. verlor als stratēgós 424 bei Herakleia in einem Unwetter zehn Kriegsschiffe (Thuk. 4,75,1f.; Diod. 12,72,4). L. war Anf. 421 einer der athen. Gesandten, die den Nikias-Frieden und die athen.-spartanische Symmachie beschworen (Thuk. 5,19,2; 24,1). 416/5 wählte man Alkibiades [3], Nikias und L. zu stratēgoí autokrátores (“bevollmächtigten Heerführern”) der sizil. Expedition (Thuk. 6,8,2; And. 1,11; Lys. 13,67). In…

Pharax

(199 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
(Φάραξ). [English version] [1] Spartanischer Militär (E. 5./Anf. 4. Jh. v. Chr.) Spartaner, 405 v.Chr. Unterführer bei Aigos potamos (Paus. 6,3,15). Als naúarchos (Flottenkommandant) operierte er im Frühsommer 397 mit Derkylidas in Karien (Xen. hell. 3,2,12-14) und fing die athenischen Gesandten nach Persien ab, die in Sparta hingerichtet wurden (Hell. Oxyrh. 10,1 Chambers). 396 belagerte er mit 120 Schiffen Konon [1] in Kaunos (Diod. 14,79,4f.) [1]. 390 unterstützte er als

Makartatos

(233 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
(Μακάρτατος). [English version] [1] Athener, fiel 458/7 oder ca. 410 v.Chr. als Reiter gegen Lakedaimonier Die Athener M. und Melanopos fielen 458/7 oder ca. 410 v.Chr. als Reiter im Kampf gegen Lakedaimonier und Boioter im Grenzgebiet zw. Tanagra und Eleon. Eine beiden gewidmete Stele sah Pausanias (1,29,6) im Kerameikos. Ein Rest des Sockels dieser Stele scheint gefunden (IG I3 1288). Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) Bibliography PA 9658  Traill, PAA 631475. [English version] [2] Athener, starb auf der Fahrt nach Kreta Athener, verkaufte (wahrscheinlich vor 378 v.Chr.) sein…

Monopol

(557 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[English version] I. Griechenland Die Begriffe monopōlía (μονοπωλία) und monopṓlion (μονοπώλιον) sind seit dem späten 4. Jh.v.Chr. belegt (Aristot. pol. 1259a 21-23; Hyp. fr. 43 Jensen), der Sache nach gab es M. aber schon vorher. Nach Aristoteles errichteten Poleis vor allem dann, wenn sie sich in Geldschwierigkeiten befanden, ein M. für bestimmte Waren; eine solche Maßnahme gehörte in den Bereich der Erwerbskunst ( chrēmatistikḗ ). Bezeugt sind Verkaufs- und Ausfuhr-M., bei denen Privatpersonen, Städte oder Herrscher den Handel einer…

Mnasilochos

(57 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
[English version] (Μνασίλοχος). Athener, 411 v.Chr. árchōn während des oligarchischen Regimes der 400 ( tetrakósioi ). Nach zwei Monaten Amtszeit von den 5000 abgesetzt (Aristot. Ath. pol. 33,1; IG I3 373,2). Wahrscheinlich identisch mit dem von Xenophon (hell. 2,3,2) genannten Mnesilochos, einem der 30 Tyrannen von 404/3. Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) Bibliography PA 10324  Traill, PAA 656955.

Xenocleides

(307 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Günther, Linda-Marie (Munich)
(Ξενοκλείδης/ Xenokleídēs). [German version] [1] Corinthian naval commander, 5th cent. BC Corinthian. One of five naval commanders sent by Corinth against Corcyra in 433 BC (Thuc. 1,46,2). The fleet achieved a partial victory near the Sybota islands (Thuc. 1,47-54; Diod. 12,33,3 f.). On the return voyage X. captured Anactorium on the Gulf of Ambracia and occupied the town with Corinthian settlers (Thuc. 1,55,1). In 426/5 BC X. led 300 hoplites in defence of Ambracia (Thuc. 3,114,4). Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) Bibliography J. B. Salmon, Wealthy Corinth, 1984, 318 K.-W. Wel…

Leogoras

(365 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Montanari, Franco (Pisa)
(Λεωγόρας; Leōgóras). [German version] [1] Father of the orator Andocides [1], 5th cent. BC Father of the orator Andocides [1], member of an old Athenian noble family, tracing its roots back to Telemachus and Hermes and linked by marriage to the Alcmaeonids (Hellanicus FGrH 323a F 24a-c; schol. Aristoph. Nub. 109). L. was mocked by Aristophanes [3] because of his debauched and profligate way of life. In 426/5 BC he led a legation to the Macedonian king Perdiccas II (IG I3 61, l. 51; [1. 30; 2. 1f.]). In 415, L. successfully used a paranomon graphe to clear himself fr…

Diomedon

(191 words)

Author(s): Mehl, Andreas (Halle/Saale) | Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
(Διομέδων; Diomédōn). [German version] [1] Commander under Antiochus III As the commander of Seleucia on the Tigris under Antiochus III, he fled from Molon, the advancing rebel satrap of Media (Pol. 5,48,12). Mehl, Andreas (Halle/Saale) [German version] [2] Athenian commander during the Peloponnesian War Athenian commander during the Peloponnesian War. As strategos, he brought reinforcements to the Athenian troops in Asia Minor in 412-11 BC, regained control over seceding Lesbos together with Leon, and was victorious against the Rhodians (Thuc. …

Metaneira

(182 words)

Author(s): Stenger, Jan (Kiel) | Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
(Μετάνειρα; Metáneira). [German version] [1] Wife of the Eleusinian king Keleos Wife of the Eleusinian king Celeus (according to schol. Eur. Or. 964 of Hippothoon), mother of Demophon [1] and of several daughters. Metaneira takes Demeter, who is looking for Persephone, into her house and entrusts her little son, Demophon, to her care. However she unwittingly disturbs the goddess who is trying to make the child immortal in the fire, and Demeter pulls away from him (Hom. h. 2,185-291; Ov. fast. 4,507ff., in …

Timagoras

(184 words)

Author(s): Hoesch, Nicola (Munich) | Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
(Τιμαγόρας/ Timagóras). [German version] [1] Greek painter and poet from Chalcis, c. 450 BC Greek Classical period painter and poet (?) from Chalcis; known only from Plin. HN 35,58, who gives an account of a painting competition during the Pythian Games in Delphi ( c. 450-440 BC), which T. won against Panaenus. The scale and appearance of his works are unknown. Hoesch, Nicola (Munich) Bibliography N. J. Koch, Techné und Erfindung in der klassischen Malerei, 2000, 229 G. Lippold, s. v. T. (7), RE 6 A, 1074 P. Moreno, s. v. T., EAA 7, 1966, 855. [German version] [2] From Athens, envoy t…

Dracontides

(167 words)

Author(s): Will, Wolfgang (Bonn) | Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
(Δρακοντίδης; Drakontídēs). [German version] [1] Athenian, commander in the Peloponnesian War Athenian, son of Leogoras from the deme Thorae; in 446/5 BC epistátēs, in 433/2 stratēgós and in that capacity one of the commanders of a relief fleet for Cercyra in the autumn of 433 (cf. Thuc. 1,51,4; on the corruption of the text at that point see [1. 95]). D. was a bitter opponent of Pericles and in 430 aided in his removal (Plut. Pericles 32,3) [2]. Davies 4551. Will, Wolfgang (Bonn) Bibliography 1 S. Hornblower, Commentary 1, 1991 2 F. J. Frost, Pericles and Dracontides, in: JHS 84, …

Thymochares

(148 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Engels, Johannes (Cologne)
(Θυμοχάρης/ Thymochárēs). [German version] [1] From Athens, naval commander, c. 400 BC Athenian, strategos of a fleet defeated by Agesandridas at Eretria [1] in 411/10 BC (Thuc. 8,95). T. was also defeated by Agesandridas in a second sea battle (Xen. Hell. 1,1,1). Traill, PAA 518930. Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) [German version] [2] From Athens, follower of Lycurgus [9], second half of the 4th cent. BC Athenian, son of Phaedrus [2] from the Sphettus deme, c. 360-300 BC, follower of Lycurgus [9], in 329/8 epimelētḗs of the Amphiaraus Games of Oropus (IG VII 4254, 29 f. = [5. no. 50]), str…

Charicles

(186 words)

Author(s): Kinzl, Konrad (Peterborough) | Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
(Χαρικλῆς; Chariklês). [German version] [1] Athenian politician, late 5th cent. BC Athenian from the phyle of Oeneis; son of Apollodorus. As a democrat in 415 BC he investigated the Mutilation of the Herms with Peisander (Andoc. 1,36), and in 414/13 was strategos in the Peloponnesian campaign (Thuc. 7,20;26; Diod. Sic. 13,9,2). However, in 411 he followed Peisander over to the ‘Four hundred’ (Lys. 13,73f.). In 404 played a significant role in the oligarchy of the ‘Thirty’ (Xen. Hell. 2,3,2; Mem. 1,2,31; Andoc. 1,101; Aristot. Pol. 1305…
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