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Vicarage/Parsonage

(669 words)

Author(s): Steck, Wolfgang
[German Version] The vicarage or parsonage, an original invention of modern Protestantism, is a religious institution separate from the organizational structure of the church, rooted in private life and indissolubly linked with the pastoral profession. The symbiosis of cultural religion and family piety, of professional work and private life characteristic of bourgeois life takes on practical embodiment in the vicarage; at the same time, the vicarage owes its great importance in the culture of mod…

Marriage Ceremonies

(4,074 words)

Author(s): Idelberger, Petra | Grethlein, Christian | Hofhansl, Ernst W. | Steck, Wolfgang | Winter, Jörg | Et al.
[German Version] I. History of Religion – II. Church History – III. Practical Theology – IV. Liturgics – V. Law – VI. Orthodox Church – VII. Judaism – VIII. Islam I. History of Religion In Christendom marriage was considered a secular act until well into the Middle Ages, before it was declared a sacrament in 1184. Many religions view marriage as a religious duty, and nuptial rites (Rites of passage; see III below) often have sacral character, but civil marriages are also obligatory in certain countries. Regulations gover…

Reader (Lector)

(672 words)

Author(s): Steck, Wolfgang | Petzolt, Martin | Neijenhuis, Jörg
[German Version] I. Catholic Church It seems that there was a synagogue tradition in antiquity of lay persons undertaking the reading in public worship of lessons other than those taken from the Gospels. From the early Middle Ages, readers were given clerical status (Clergy and laity), and assigned to one of the so-called minor orders at the preparatory stage before ordination of priests. Since the reordering of liturgical services by Paul VI’s apostolic decree Ministeria quaedam (Aug 15, 1972), readers are assigned to the laity (as they were orig.), the office of read…

Authority

(2,384 words)

Author(s): Stolz, Fritz | Lütcke, Karl-Heinrich | Schieder, Rolf | Steck, Wolfgang
[German Version] I. Comparative Religion – II. History and Theology – III. Practical Theology I. Religious Studies In human societies, power is wielded by culture-specific structures of authority. Various dimensions of authority may be distinguished, such as the power to control daily matters (family, larger communal units), war, the sacral realm, etc. Segmentary societies distribute authority relative…

Calendar

(3,500 words)

Author(s): Mohn, Jürgen | Lichtenberger, Hermann | Meßner, Reinhard | Gerö, Stephen | Nagel, Tilman | Et al.
[German Version] I. General – II. Jewish Calendar – III. Christian Calendar – IV. Islamic Calendar – V. Liturgical Calendar I. General 1. The term calendar derives from the Roman “calendae,” the day on which a new month was proclaimed. It designates the structuring and hence the consequent mediation of time, i.e. records in pictorial and literary media to communicate structures of time. Calendars are concrete translations of chronologies. The performance of activities to be collectiv…

Sacramentals

(723 words)

Author(s): Steck, Wolfgang
[German Version] I. General Until the first half of the 12th century, sacramentum could denote any liturgical action of the church; since early Scholasticism, however, Western theology (in the Roman Catholic Church) has made a distinction between the seven sacraments and all other liturgical ¶ actions and signs, which are categorized as sacramentals. Although the sacramentals, like the sacraments, are visible signs of invisible grace, there is a qualitative difference: the sacraments, which go back in substance to Jesus Christ, are effective ex opere operato Christi, independent…

Mitre

(219 words)

Author(s): Steck, Wolfgang
[German Version] The mitre is worn today by bishops and abbots as one of their liturgical marks of office. A bishop wears it when seated, delivering a homily, salutation, or address, when he pronounces a solemn blessing, during sacramental gestures, and in processions. During any liturgical celebration, he wears only a single mitre, which may be simple or ornate, depending on the rank of feast ( Caeremoniale episcoporum 1964, no. 60). It probably developed out of the camelaucum, a conical headdress with strips of cloth ¶ worn by dignitaries of the Roman Empires (cf. Insignia). In…

Funeral

(5,173 words)

Author(s): Steck, Wolfgang | Donohue C.R., James | Mehedintu, Viorel | Mbiti, John | Senn, Frank C.
1. General In human life the funeral is the ritual by which a society, clan, or family reconstitutes itself after the death of a member. It is the rite of passage in which a community marks and sometimes actually effects the transition both of a living person to the realm of the dead and of bereaved persons through mourning to reestablished life. The funeral accomplishes the reintegration of the affected group by dramatizing the positive and negative elements in death and in this specific dead per…

Trauung

(3,649 words)

Author(s): Idelberger, Petra | Grethlein, Christian | Hofhansl, Ernst W. | Steck, Wolfgang | Winter, Jörg | Et al.
[English Version] I. Religionsgeschichtlich Das Wort »T.« bzw. »trauen« wird im dt. Sprachraum seit dem 13.Jh. auch im Sinne von »anvertrauen«, »ehelich verbinden«, urspr. »dem Manne zur Frau geben« verwendet. Im christl. Kontext wurde die Vermählung bis ins MA als weltl. Akt betrachtet, bevor die Ehe zum Sakrament erklärt wurde (1184). In vielen Rel. wird die Ehe als rel. Pflicht angesehen, und die Hochzeitsriten (rite de passage/rite de confirmation; s.u. III.) haben häufig einen geheiligten Char…

Pfarrhaus

(601 words)

Author(s): Steck, Wolfgang
[English Version] . Das ev. P., eine originäre Produktion des neuzeitlichen Protestantismus, stellt eine gegenüber der kirchl. Verbandsorganisation eigenständige, in der privaten Lebenssphäre verankerte und mit dem Pfarrberuf untrennbar verbundene rel. Institution dar. Gewinnt die für die bürgerliche Lebensform charakteristische Symbiose von Kulturrel. und Familienfrömmigkeit, von Berufsarbeit und Privatleben im P. eine lebenspraktische Ausdrucksgestalt, so verdankt das P. seine hohe Bedeutung für…

Sakramentalien

(634 words)

Author(s): Steck, Wolfgang
[English Version] I. AllgemeinWährend bis in die 1. Hälfte des 12.Jh. mit »sacramentum« jegliches liturgische Handeln der Kirche bez. werden konnte, wird in der westlichen Theol. seit der Frühscholastik (in der röm.-kath. Kirche) unterschieden zw. den sieben Sakramenten und allen anderen gottesdienstlichen Vollzügen und Zeichen, die unter dem Begriff S. zusammengefaßt werden. Wenngleich die S. wie auch die Sakramente sichtbare Zeichen der unsichtbaren Gnade sind, besteht ein qualitativer Unterschi…