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Libon

(267 words)

Author(s): Knell, Heiner (Darmstadt)
[German version] Greek architect of the early Classical period from Elis. According to Paus. 5,10,3, he built the Zeus temple in Olympia, which was begun in 472 BC and completed before 456 BC. With a stylobate of 27.68 m x 64.12 m and a height of about 20 m, it was the largest temple of Greece at that time. The circular hall with 6 x 13 columns and a regular intercolumniation encloses the well-balanced cella, which is linked to the circular hall through fronts. The design concentrated on the re…

Architectural theory

(1,535 words)

Author(s): Knell, Heiner (Darmstadt)
[German version] In antiquity, the term architectural theory was evidently unknown and is not documented in the writings of ancient  architects or other authors. It relates to a modern language usage without the development of a generally binding definition for the term. Instead, an unspoken agreement serves as a substitute definition according to which fundamental statements on architecture, which go beyond the mere description of a building, are regarded as architectural theory in the modern sense. With the exception of the ten books about architecture by  Vitruvius […

Deinocrates

(705 words)

Author(s): Meister, Klaus (Berlin) | Günther, Linda-Marie (Munich) | Knell, Heiner (Darmstadt)
(Δεινοκράτης; Deinokrátēs). [German version] [1] Of Syracuse. Took part in the battle against Agathocles [2] shortly after 316 BC Of Syracuse. Spared as a friend of  Agathocles [2] at the latter's seizure of power in 316 BC (Diod. Sic. 19,8,6), he soon became the leader of the exiles and of all opponents of Agathocles, took many towns in Sicily and fought with the Carthaginians against the tyrant (19,103f.). In 309 he marched with Hamilcar against Syracuse (20,29,5), and after the death of Hamilcar he was elected strategos by the exiles and the rest of the Greeks (20,31,2); when …

Philo

(5,673 words)

Author(s): Walter, Uwe (Cologne) | Döring, Klaus (Bamberg) | Ameling, Walter (Jena) | Knell, Heiner (Darmstadt) | Folkerts, Menso (Munich) | Et al.
[German version] I Greek (Φίλων/ Phíl ōn). [German version] [I 1] Athenian politician Athenian from Acharnae who was exiled by the Oligarchic regime in 404 BC (Triakonta). During the civil war, he lived as a metoikos (resident without Attic citizenship) in Oropos awaiting the outcome of events. Following his return, when he applied to join the boulḗ he was accused of cowardice and other misdemeanours at a dokimasia investigation (Dokimasia) (Lys. 31; possibly 398 BC). Walter, Uwe (Cologne) Bibliography Blass, vol.1, 480f.  Th.Lenschau, A. Raubitschek, s.v. P. (2), RE 19, 2526f. …

Hermogenes

(2,256 words)

Author(s): Döring, Klaus (Bamberg) | Mehl, Andreas (Halle/Saale) | Knell, Heiner (Darmstadt) | Neudecker, Richard (Rome) | Hoesch, Nicola (Munich) | Et al.
(Ἑρμογένης; Hermogénēs). [German version] [1] Companion of Socrates Athenian, son of Hipponicus, brother of Callias, appears on many occasions in the Socratic writings of Plato and Xenophon as the companion of  Socrates. Together with the eponymous character, H. is the dialogue partner of Socrates in Plato's Cratylus. Döring, Klaus (Bamberg) Bibliography 1 SSR VI B 71-77 2 Davies, 269-270. [German version] [2] From Aspendus, assistant commander of Antiocus I H. from Aspendus. In the struggle of Antiochus [2] I (died in 261 BC) to regain territories in Asia Minor…

Satyrus

(1,465 words)

Author(s): von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen) | Knell, Heiner (Darmstadt) | Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Blume, Horst-Dieter (Münster) | Ameling, Walter (Jena) | Et al.
(Σάτυρος/ Sátyros). [German version] [1] S. I King of the regnum Bosporanum from 433/2 to 389/8 BC. Son of Spartocus I. S.' co-regent may have been (until 393/2) his brother Seleucus [1]. S. directed his attention at the Asiatic coast of the Cimmerian Bosporus (Bosporus [2]). He restored the Sindian King Hecataeus following a revolt, and allied with him through a dynastic marriage. S.'s divorced wife then sent the King of the Ixomates against him (Polyaenus, Strat. 8,55). S. died during the siege of Theodosia. von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen) Bibliography V. F. Gajdukevič, Da…

Mnesicles

(642 words)

Author(s): Knell, Heiner (Darmstadt) | Engels, Johannes (Cologne)
(Μνησικλῆς; Mnēsiklês). [German version] [1] Greek architect, c. 430 BC Greek architect of the classical period. His chief work are the Propylaea on the Athenian Acropolis, begun in 437 BC and prematurely discontinued at the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War in 431 BC (Plut. Pericles 13). The forms and proportions of the architecture of the Propylaea show that M. acquired his skills among the masons of the Parthenon. While the Propylaea remained unfinished and their original design had to be altered owing…

Ictinus

(478 words)

Author(s): Knell, Heiner (Darmstadt)
[German version] (Ἰκτῖνος; Iktînos). Architect of the classical period. His greatest achievement is considered to be the Athenian  Parthenon (Str. 9,395-396; Paus. 8,41,9), erected 447-438 BC, which he designed apparently together with  Callicrates (Plut. Pericles 13,7), whose contribution has been emphasized more strongly recently [1]). With the otherwise unknown Carpon he is reputed to have composed a book about the Parthenon (Vitr. 7 praef. 12). Tradition has repeatedly mentioned I. as the archi…

Theodorus

(7,286 words)

Author(s): Knell, Heiner (Darmstadt) | Folkerts, Menso (Munich) | Baumhauer, Otto A. (Bremen) | Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Blume, Horst-Dieter (Münster) | Et al.
[German version] I Greek (Θεόδωρος; Theódōros). [German version] [I 1] Of Samos, Greek architect, bronze sculptor and inventor, Archaic period Multitalented Greek inventor, architect, bronze sculptor and metal worker ( toreutḗs; Toreutics) of the Archaic period from Samos (for the occupational image cf. architect). His father was Telecles (Hdt. 3,41; Paus. 8,14,8; 10,38,6) or according to other sources (Diog. Laert. 2,103; Diod. Sic. 1,98) Rhoecus [3]; his name is so frequently mentioned in conjunction with the latter that …

Rhoecus

(496 words)

Author(s): Johannsen, Nina (Kiel) | Knell, Heiner (Darmstadt)
(Ῥοῖκος/ Rhoîkos). [German version] [1] One of the Centaurs One of the Centaurs. R. is killed together with his companion Hylaeus by Atalante for importuning her (Callim. H. 3,221 with schol.; Apollod. 3,106; Ael. VH 13,1). Possibly identical with the Centaur Rhoetus (Ov. Met. 12,271-301; variants Rhoetus/ Rhoecus e.g. Verg. G. 2,456; Luc. 6,390; Val. Fl. 1,141; 3,65). Johannsen, Nina (Kiel) [German version] [2] Character in a Greek tale Cnidian, who has an oak which is threatening to topple propped up, thereby saving the life of the tree's nymph (Hamadryads), wh…

Pytheus

(483 words)

Author(s): Knell, Heiner (Darmstadt)
[German version] Late Classical Greek architect and sculptor from Priene (?). Buildings associated with him originated in the third quarter of the 4th cent. BC and render him one of the most important and influential architects of his period in Asia Minor. Jointly with Satyrus [3] he is the traditional architect of the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus; both master builders authored a treatise on it (Vitr. De arch. 7 praef. 12). He is also supposed to have sculpted the quadriga crowning that building (Pl…

Callicrates

(1,202 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Neudecker, Richard (Rome) | Knell, Heiner (Darmstadt) | Hidber, Thomas (Berne) | Engels, Johannes (Cologne) | Et al.
(Καλλικράτης; Kallikrátēs). [German version] [1] Athenian demagogue and politician Athenian demagogue and politician in the succession of  Cleophon, he abolished the   diobelía with the promise of increasing it by an obolós; later sentenced to death (Aristot. Ath. Pol. 28,3). Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) Bibliography Rhodes, 356-357. [German version] [2] Sculptor in Laconia Sculptor in Laconia. Together with  Myrmecides, C. was considered the legendary, probably archaic creator of microscopic sculptures made of iron, bronze, ivory and marble. An…

Deinokrates

(629 words)

Author(s): Meister, Klaus (Berlin) | Günther, Linda-Marie (München) | Knell, Heiner (Darmstadt)
(Δεινοκράτης). [English version] [1] Syrakusier. Kämpfte gegen Agathokles [2] nach 316 v.Chr. Syrakusier. Von Agathokles [2] bei seiner Machtergreifung 316 v.Chr. als Freund geschont (Diod. 19,8,6), wurde er bald zum Führer der Verbannten und aller Gegner des Agathokles, eroberte mehrere Orte Siziliens und kämpfte an der Seite der Karthager gegen den Tyrannen (19,103f.). Er zog 309 mit Hamilkar gegen Syrakus (20,29,5), wurde nach dessen Tod von den Verbannten und den übrigen Griechen zum Strategen gewählt (…

Philon

(5,071 words)

Author(s): Walter, Uwe (Köln) | Döring, Klaus (Bamberg) | Ameling, Walter (Jena) | Knell, Heiner (Darmstadt) | Folkerts, Menso (München) | Et al.
(Φίλων). [English version] [1] Athen. Politiker Athener aus Acharnai, wurde 404 v.Chr. vom oligarchischen Regime verbannt ( triákonta ) und lebte während des Bürgerkrieges abwartend als Metoike in Oropos. Nach der Rückkehr wurde er bei der Bewerbung für die bulḗ in einer Dokimasieklage ( dokimasía ) der Feigheit und anderer Verfehlungen bezichtigt (Lys. 31; viell. 398 v.Chr.). Walter, Uwe (Köln) Bibliography Blass, Bd.1, 480f.  Th.Lenschau, A. Raubitschek, s.v. Ph. (2), RE 19, 2526f. [English version] [2] Athen. Bürger und Soldat (4. Jh. v. Chr.) Athener aus dem Demos Paiania, …

Rhoikos

(459 words)

Author(s): Johannsen, Nina (Kiel) | Knell, Heiner (Darmstadt)
(Ῥοῖκος). [English version] [1] einer der Kentauren Einer der Kentauren. Rh. wird gemeinsam mit seinem Gefährten Hylaios wegen seiner Zudringlichkeit von Atalante getötet (Kall. h. 3,221 mit schol.; Apollod. 3,106; Ail. var. 13,1). Evtl. identisch mit dem Kentauren Rhoetus (Ov. met. 12,271-301; Var. Rhoetus/ Rhoecus z. B. Verg. georg. 2,456; Lucan. 6,390; Val. Fl. 1,141; 3,65). Johannsen, Nina (Kiel) [English version] [2] griech. Märchengestalt Knidier, läßt eine Eiche abstützen, die umzustürzen droht, und rettet so auch das Leben der mit dem Baum verbundene…

Kallikrates

(1,131 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Neudecker, Richard (Rom) | Knell, Heiner (Darmstadt) | Hidber, Thomas (Bern) | Engels, Johannes (Köln) | Et al.
(Καλλικράτης). [English version] [1] Athenischer Demagoge und Politiker Athenischer Demagoge und Politiker in der Nachfolge des Kleophon, schaffte die diobelía ab unter dem Versprechen, sie um einen obolós zu erhöhen; später zum Tode verurteilt (Aristot. Ath. pol. 28,3). Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) Bibliography Rhodes, 356-357. [English version] [2] Bildhauer in Lakonien Bildhauer in Lakonien. Mit Myrmekides galt K. als der legendäre, verm. archa. Schöpfer von mikroskopisch kleinen Plastiken aus Eisen, Bronze, Elfenbein oder Marmor. Gen. werd…

Hermogenes

(2,042 words)

Author(s): Döring, Klaus (Bamberg) | Mehl, Andreas (Halle/Saale) | Knell, Heiner (Darmstadt) | Neudecker, Richard (Rom) | Hoesch, Nicola (München) | Et al.
(Ἑρμογένης). [English version] [1] Gefährte des Sokrates Athener, Sohn des Hipponikos, Bruder des Kallias, tritt in den sokratischen Schriften Platons und Xenophons mehrfach als Gefährte des Sokrates in Erscheinung. Zusammen mit der Titelgestalt ist H. Gesprächspartner des Sokrates in Platons Kratylos. Döring, Klaus (Bamberg) Bibliography 1 SSR VI B 71-77 2 Davies, 269-270. [English version] [2] aus Aspendos, Unterfeldherr Antiochos' I. H. aus Aspendos, zog im Kampf des Antiochos [2] I. (gest. 261 v.Chr.) nach der Ermordung von dessen Vater Seleukos I. z…

Libon

(226 words)

Author(s): Knell, Heiner (Darmstadt)
[English version] Griech. Architekt frühklass. Zeit aus Elis. Nach Paus. 5,10,3 baute er den um 472 v.Chr. begonnenen und vor 456 v.Chr. vollendeten Zeustempel in Olympia. Mit einem Stylobat von 27,68 m x 64,12 m und einer Höhe von ca. 20 m war dies der damals größte Tempel Griechenlands. Die Ringhalle mit 6 x 13 Säulen und geregelter Jochabfolge umgreift die ausgegliche, mit der Ringhalle durch Fluchtbeziehungen vernetzte Cella. Der Entwurf konzentriert sich auf den gleichmäßigen Rapport im Trigl…

Pytheos

(451 words)

Author(s): Knell, Heiner (Darmstadt)
[English version] Griech. Architekt und Bildhauer spätklass. Zeit aus Priene (?). Mit ihm in Verbindung gebrachte Gebäude entstanden im 3. Viertel des 4. Jh. v. Chr. und kennzeichnen ihn als einen der wichtigsten und einflußreichsten Architekten seiner Zeit in Kleinasien. Gemeinsam mit Satyros ist er als Architekt des Maussolleion in Harlikarnassos überl., über das von beiden Baumeistern eine Schrift verfaßt wurde (Vitr. 7 praef. 12). Zusätzlich soll er als Bildhauer die jenen Bau bekrönende Quadr…

Iktinos

(453 words)

Author(s): Knell, Heiner (Darmstadt)
[English version] (Ἰκτῖνος). Architekt klass. Zeit. Als Hauptwerk gilt der 447-438 v.Chr. errichtete Athener Parthenon (Strab. 9,395-396; Paus. 8,41,9), den er anscheinend gemeinsam mit Kallikrates, dessen Anteil neuerdings stärker betont wurde [1], entworfen hat (Plut. Perikles 13,7). Mit einem sonst unbekannten Karpon soll er über den Parthenon eine Schrift verfaßt haben (Vitr. 7 praef. 12). Wiederholt ist I. als Architekt des um 440 v.Chr. entworfenen Telesterion in Eleusis überl. (Strab. 9,395…
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