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[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Lycii, Lycia (Λάγβη; Lágbē). Town in north-east Lycia, near modern Alifahrettin; it dominated the small, high plain north of Lake Cabalitis (the former Söğüt Gölü, today dried up) and belonged to the territory of Cibyra. Part of the Roman province of Asia (Caria province from Diocletian on), plundered by Manlius Vulso during his campaign of 189 BC (Liv. 38,15,2). Epigraphical evidence attests a cult of Artemis Lagbene and the existence of a private estate. Drew-Bear, Thomas (Lyon) Bibliography Chr. Naour, Tyriaion en Caba…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Christianity | Xenophon | Education / Culture (Κολοσσαί; Kolossaí). City in south-west Phrygia, 4 km north-north-west of Honaz, significant already in the 5th cent. BC (Xen. An. 1,2,6; cf. Plin. HN 5,145), 15 km east-south-east of Laodicea, on the road through the Lycus valley between Sardeis and Celaenae. Coins have been attested from the late Hellenistic period onwards. The city was famous for its wool industry (Str. 12,8,16). St. Paul's lett…

[German version] [1] River in Lydia River in Lydia (Καΰστριος; Kaÿ́strios: Hom. Il. 2,461; Hdt. 5,100; Κάϋστρος; Káÿstros: Str. 13,3,2; Arr. Anab. 5,6,4; Mela 1,88), modern Küçük Menderes (‘Little Maeander’); it rises on the southern slopes of Mount Tmolus above Coloë (modern Keles near Kiraz); it flows through the plain of Kilbis, then through the  Caystrou pedion [1], absorbs from the right tributaries from Mount Tmolus, from the left those from the Mesogis mountains (modern Cevizli dağı) (Plin. HN 5,115), and…

(Ἀπάμεια; Apámeia). [German version] [1] City in  Bithynia This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Pergamum | Education / Culture City in  Bithynia, 1 km south-east of present-day Mudanya on the Sea of Marmara; founded by Colophon; originally Brylleion; from shortly after 330 BC Myrleia. From 433/32 BC attested as belonging to the  Delian League; at the end of the 4th cent. BC under the rule of Mithridates II of Cius; for a time in the 3rd cent. BC a member of the koinon of Athena Ilias. In 202 BC conquered by Philip V and delivered to Prusias I; newly founded as A…

(Κίβυρα; Kíbyra). [German version] [1] Town in Phrygia This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Lycii, Lycia Important town in southern Phrygia (modern Gölhisar, formerly Horzum) on the border with Lycia. C. belonged to a tetrapolis with Bubon, Balbura, and Oenoanda, in which it had two votes, the other three member only one vote each; the tetrapolis was dissolved in 84 BC by L.  Licinius Murena, and C. incorporated into the Roman province of Asia (Str. 13,4,17); from about 56 to 49 BC, it was part of…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Byzantium | | Asia Minor | Colonization | Peloponnesian War | Pergamum | Persian Wars | Rome | Delian League | Education / Culture (Κύζικος; Kýzikos). City in Mysia on the south coast of the  Propontis on the isthmus of the Arktonnesos (Kapıdağ) peninsula; the modern Balkız, to the east of Erdek. C. owed its prosperity to its double harbour and large territory (cf. the description with the city's location at Str. 12,8,11). From the beginning of coinage down to …

(Μέλισσα/ Mélissa, ‘bee’). Epithet of priestesses, name of nymphs and proper name, sometimes in aetiological myths. [German version] [1] Priestesses of Demeter Mélissai are the priestesses of Demeter (Pind. Fr. 158; Callim. H. 2,110; [1. no. 91]; Apollod. FGrH 244 F 89, on Paros), and in schol. Theoc. 15,94 of Persephone as well. The name probably derives from the association of bees and their behaviour, which was thought of as especially pure (Aristot. Hist. an. 4,535a 2 f.; schol. Pind. P. 4,106a), with idealised f…

[German version] (Δίνδυμον; Díndymon). Mountain on the border between Galatia and Phrygia (modern Arayit or Günüzü Dağı), 1,820 m high, near the spring of the Sangarius (Claud. in Eutropium 2,262f., cf. Str. 12,3,7). Some ancient authors derived the mountain's name from its ‘double’ or ‘forked’ appearance (Nonnus, Dion. 48,855). D. was famous for the cult of Cybele, whose temple was located in the nearby town of Pessinus and who also bore the name Dindyménē (Str. 12,5,3), here and elsewhere. Attis was buried there (Paus. 1,4,5, who calls this mountain Ágdistis). A base of Alexius' …

(Λύκος; Lýkos). Mythology and religion: L. [1-9], historical persons: L. [10-13], rivers: L. [14-19]. [German version] [1] Son of Poseidon and the Pleiad Celaeno Son of Poseidon and the Pleiad Celaeno [1] (Ps.-Eratosth. Katasterismoi 23), only Apollod. 3,111 mentions his translation to the Islands of the Blessed, possibly to differentiate him from L. [6], with whom he is connected by Hyg. Fab. 31, 76 and 157 in spite of the descent from Poseidon. Scherf, Johannes (Tübingen) [German version] [2] Son of Prometheus and Celaeno Son of Prometheus and Celaeno [1], on whose tomb in th…

[German version] Mythical tribe from the region inhabited by the Phryges in Greek and Roman times, including the area known as Galatia in Hellenistic times ( Berecyntos, ‘a castellum in Phrygia on the Sangarius’: Serv. Aen. 6,784). Used as a synonym for ‘Phrygian’ by poets of classical (e.g. Aeschyl. Niobe), Hellenistic (Callim. H. 3, 246), and Roman times (e.g. Hor. Carm. 1,18; 3,19; Ov. Met. 11,106), and also by prose writers (from Stesimbrotus, Str. 10,3,20, to Aug. Civ. 2,5,7). However, Str. 12,8,21, maintains: ‘There …

(Ἱεράπολις; Hierápolis). [German version] [1] Important town in south-west Phrygia This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Christianity | Natural catastrophes | Oracles | Pergamum Important town in south-west Phrygia (as opposed to the town of same name in the ‘Pentapolis’ of central Phrygia) at the edge of the Lycus valley on the road in the Hermus valley from Sardis to Apamea, famous for its thermal springs whose water leaves white limestone terraces when evaporating; they gave the place its modern name Pa…

[German version] (Καβαλίς; Kabalís, Lat. Cabalia). Landscape in Northern Lycia, north-west of the Milyas mountains, south of the Cibyratis, and bordered by the Taurus (Str. 13,15,1) where Lake Cabalitis could be found between Lagbe and Tyraeon (Söğüt Gölü; dry today; here, the inscription documenting the ethnicon Kabaleús was found, cf. [1. 1032]). Hdt. 7,77 refers to the inhabitants as Maeonians; Str. 13,17,1 notes, that the C. was under the rule of Lydian Cibyrans. According to Plin. HN 5,101,7 and Ptol. 5,3,8, the C. or Kabalía comprised the cities of  Oenoanda,  Balbura, a…

(μητρόπολις/ mētrópolis, literally ‘mother city’). [German version] [1] Mother city of colonies in the era of the ‘Great’ Colonisation (c. 750-500 BC) Since the so-called Great Colonisation (c. 750-500 BC, Colonization IV, cf. the overview there), in numerous Greek communities an oikistḗs (‘founder’) and further ápoikoi (‘settlers’, ‘colonists’) were selected from the citizenry of the future metropolis as starting point for a colonisation enterprise (or they left on their own initiative) and entrusted with the establishment of an apoikía outside the …

[German version] [1] River plain of the Caystrus (Καΰστρου/Καΰστριον πεδίον; Kaÿ́strou/ Kaÿ́strion pedion). River plain of the  Caystrus [1] from the plain of Kilbis on the upper course of the river (Κιλβιανὸν πεδίον, Str. 13,4,13; Steph. Byz. s.v. Assos) to the west; on its middle or rather lower course was the Ἄσιος λειμών ( Ásios leimṓn; ‘Asian meadow’) with flocks of wild geese, cranes, and swans (Hom. Il. 2,461; Cic. Orat. 163; Str. 14,1,45). Mount Tmolus afforded a view on the surrounding plains, including the Caystrou pedion (CP) (Str. 13,4,5…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Byzantium | Zenobia | | Hellenistic states | Pompeius | Patricius (Δορύλαιον , Δορύλλειον; Dorýlaion, Dorýlleion). Important city in the north of Phrygia (modern Eskişehir) between the river Tembris (Porsuk Çayı) and its tributary Bathys (called Hermus by Plin. HN 5,119; modern Sarısu). The ancient site is located on a hill (Şarhüyük, ‘Hill of the city’), that was inhabited already in the Hittite and Phrygian period (currently Turkish excavations); founded anew as a Greek city by…

[German version] [1] Continent see  Asia Minor Drew-Bear, Thomas (Lyon) Christol, Michel (Paris) [German version] [2] Roman province The   provincia A. was established in 129 BC when Rome took possession of the kingdom of  Pergamum, which was bequeathed to the Roman people by its last king  Attalus III (died 133 BC) (Liv. Per. 58f.). The Romans first had to assert themselves against  Aristonicus, the illegitimate brother of the departed king. But the majority of the Greek cities had remained l…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Writing | Xenophon | Alexander | Celts | Asia Minor | Asia Minor | Pergamum | Pompeius Pre-classical city near Yassıhüyük west-south-west of Ankara on the eastern bank of the Sangarius, located at a ford of the road from Pessinus to Ancyra (ruins visible). Apparently founded as a residence by its eponym, Gordius, the first Phrygian king. Excavations uncovered rich royal tombs in wooden chambers under tumuli (cf. map), further a citadel which was fortified in the 8th and 6th cents. BC, later to be destroyed b…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Xenophon (Κεράμων ἀγορά; Kerámōn agorá). A ‘populated town’ between Peltae and  Caystrou pedion, ‘the last town (in Phrygia) in the direction of Mysia’, only mentioned in Xen. An. 1,2,11; localization impossible. Drew-Bear, Thomas (Lyon) Bibliography W. Ruge, s.v. K., RE 11, 254f.

(Δασκύλειον, Δασκύλιον; Daskýleion, Daskýlion). [German version] [1] City in Bithynia City in Bithynia, member of the  Delian League, whose name is thought to be contained in the place name Eşkel Liman (today Esence) on the coast of the Propontis west of Apamea Myrleia (Plin. HN 5,143; Steph. Byz. s.v. Brýllion). Drew-Bear, Thomas (Lyon) Bakir-Akbasoglu, Tomris (Izmir) [German version] [2] Settlement on the south-east shore of Lake Daskylitis This item can be found on the following maps: Achaemenids | Xenophon | Diadochi and Epigoni | Alexander | H…

(Εὐμένεια; Euméneia). [German version] [1] Town in the south of Phrygia This item can be found on the following maps: Christianity | Pergamum Town in the south of Phrygia (modern Işıklı), founded by Attalus II in the name of his brother Eumenes II (Steph. Byz. s.v. E.), close to the Maeander at the foot of a mountain. The numerous inscriptions from E. and its surroundings are mainly from the Roman period and are mostly tomb inscriptions; for the necropoleis that were intensively depleted by the farmers were located on…