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Criminality

(7,247 words)

Author(s): Schwerhoff, Gerd
1. Definition and scopeCriminality (from Latin crimen, “accusation, crime”) describes the totality of behaviors that are prosecuted and penalized by the social and legal authorities of a society (Penalty). The modern definition of criminality as the “sum of behaviors that are subject to criminal punishment” can be used historically only to a limited extent, since public or state criminal law itself did not exist until the late Middle Ages and therefore serves as an important references point only for the history of the early modern period. Criminality thus is not a sui generis realit…
Date: 2019-10-14

Corporal punishment

(737 words)

Author(s): Schwerhoff, Gerd
1. Forms As “the inflicting of bodily harm as punishment” [5. 1777], corporal punishment in the early modern period comprised a broad range of penal sanctions that is difficult to narrow down (Penalty; Criminal law) [4. 68–71]. In the late 17th century, Jakob Döpler attempted to systematize forms of corporal punishment by distinguishing them from “life punishments” ( Lebensstrafen), that is, from various forms of capital punishment (Death penalty; cf. Criminality) [3]. He first covered forms of imprisonment (Prison) and banishment, which impinged on a person's bo…
Date: 2019-10-14

Robber band

(1,274 words)

Author(s): Schwerhoff, Gerd
1. Definition Only in a highly technical sense can we think of robber bands as subcultural communities formed for the violent misappropriation of other people’s property. Instead, they stand as a synonym for early modern organized criminality in general; their members engaged in theft and robbery, fraud and extortion, manslaughter and murder for a living (Property crime; Violence). In the late Middle Ages, robber bands became projection surfaces for collective fears of crime, but also for its romantic glorification.Gerd Schwerhoff2. Historical studyFor a long time,…
Date: 2021-08-02

Deviance

(970 words)

Author(s): Schwerhoff, Gerd
1. ConceptDeviance, as conduct that deviates from the norm, is a relational category of social science, since it can sensibly be defined only in relation to that norm. Such norms may be formal and legal in nature (e.g. Criminal law), or they may be social codes of conduct (e.g. moral) that are not necessarily established in written form. Every classification of an act as deviant is simultaneously an action of social control, and sanctions are usually associated with the definition (Social discipl…
Date: 2019-10-14

Death penalty

(3,238 words)

Author(s): Schwerhoff, Gerd
1. Transition to early modern period The legal killing of a delinquent for a committed crime is in principle found as the severest sanction in criminal law in all periods and cultures, but differing in form and frequency. For Europe, traditional legal history sought the medieval origins of the phenomenon in “Germanic” and Roman law. Motives cited here included magical or sacral considerations (penal sacrifice, defensive magic, blood vengeance), and the rational, calculated exercise of autho…
Date: 2019-10-14

Eigentumsdelikte

(1,232 words)

Author(s): Schwerhoff, Gerd | Herausgeber: Ulrike Ludwig
1. Ausprägungen und BedeutungAls gemeinsame Schnittmenge aller E. gilt in der modernen Kriminologie und in der heutigen Strafrechtswissenschaft, dass einem Eigentümer eine Sache entzogen, beschädigt oder zerstört wird. Jenseits dieser Schnittmenge und in histor. Perspektive umfassen E. allerdings ein heterogenes Segment der gesamten Kriminalität, das nicht durch einen gemeinsamen Begriff zusammengefasst wurde. In Betracht kommen insbes. der Diebstahl in seinen verschiedensten Ausprägungen, Sachbeschädigung, Unterschlagung und der Raub als gewaltsame Wegnahme f…
Date: 2020-09-04

Inquisition

(4,850 words)

Author(s): Schwerhoff, Gerd | Domínguez Reboiras, Fernando | Bechtloff, Dagmar
1. MittelalterIm MA bezeichnete I. (von lat. inquisitio, »Untersuchung«) einen eher locker gefügten institutionellen Zusammenhang, der durch zwei Komponenten näher bestimmt war: zum einen durch das Amt des Inquisitors (mlat. inquisitor heretice pravitatis; »Untersucher häretischer Verworfenheit«) als eines vom Papsttum bestellten und mit delegierter Gerichtskompetenz ausgestatteten Spezialisten zur Ketzerverfolgung (Häresie), zum anderen durch ein spezielles inquisitorisches (= inquis.) Verfahren, das in eigenen Ordnungen und Handbüchern festgelegt war [17].Wo …
Date: 2021-07-29

Hexe

(5,399 words)

Author(s): Krampl, Ulrike | Behringer, Wolfgang | Schwerhoff, Gerd
1. Begriff und Hauptcharakteristik der neuzeitlichen HexeAls H. bzw. Hexer werden Menschen bezeichnet, denen von ihrer sozialen Umwelt die Fähigkeit zugeschrieben wird, aufgrund ihrer verborgenen (»magischen«) Kenntnisse und/oder ihrer Verbindung mit übernatürlichen Mächten Schaden an Mensch, Tier und menschlicher Gemeinschaft zu verursachen. H. als Personifikation des Bösen sind im christl. Europa ebenso bekannt wie im vorkolonialen und modernen Afrika und Amerika oder auch im klassischen (China) und gegenwärtigen Asien. Dab…
Date: 2019-11-19

Inquisition

(5,251 words)

Author(s): Schwerhoff, Gerd | Domínguez Reboiras, Fernando | Bechtloff, Dagmar
1. Middle Ages In the Middle Ages,  inquisition (from Latin  inquisitio, “investigation”) denoted a rather vague institutional context defined more precisely by the presence of two elements: the office of the inquisitor (medieval Latin inquisitor heretice pravitatis, “investigator of heretical depravity”), a specialist in the prosecution of heretics (Heresy) appointed by the papacy and invested with delegated judicial authority, and a specific inquisitorial procedure laid out in the Inquisition’s own regulations and handbooks [17].Where the challenges of heretical…
Date: 2019-10-14

Witch

(5,978 words)

Author(s): Krampl, Ulrike | Behringer, Wolfgang | Schwerhoff, Gerd
1. Concept; key characteristics of the early modern witchThe etymological origins of the English “witch” (OE  wicce) and the German  Hexe  (witch, related to English “hag”) are obscure. Both terms were used to denote people (usually women, but see Witch, male) said by their peers in society to be able to cause damage to people, animals, and human society by means of their hidden (“magical”) knowledge and/or their connections with supernatural forces. Witches as personifications of evil were familiar in Chris…
Date: 2023-11-14

Gewalt

(5,394 words)

Author(s): Schwerhoff, Gerd | Gestrich, Andreas | Bley, Helmut | König, Hans-Joachim
1. BegriffG. lässt sich als die Ausübung von physischem Zwang zur Überwindung eines Widerstandes definieren; oder sie wird – aus der Perspektive des G.-Opfers – als Verletzung oder Beeinträchtigung der körperlichen Integrität eines Menschen gefasst. Die moderne sozial- und kulturwiss. Forschungsdiskussion behandelt somit konkrete G.-Handlungen im Sinne von lat. vis (engl. force). Dagegen werden Ausweitungen des G.-Begriffs, z. B. im Sinne einer »psychischen« oder »strukturellen G.«, zunehmend kritisch gesehen, weil es derartigen Kategorien an an…
Date: 2020-11-18

Violence

(6,083 words)

Author(s): Schwerhoff, Gerd | Gestrich, Andreas | Bley, Helmut | König, Hans-Joachim
1. Concept and terminologyViolence (Latin violentia, “violence,” “impetuosity”;  vis, “hostile force”) is the use of force to inflict injury or damage or to intimidate. To use force is to exercise physical power to overcome resistance (although from the perspective of the victim, it represents an infringement of or interference with the physical integrity of the person). Modern discussions among scholars of social and cultural science thus treat specific acts of violence in the sense of Latin vis. There is increasing criticism of extensions of the concept of violence…
Date: 2023-11-14
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