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(Ζηνόβιος/ Zēnóbios). [German version] [1] General of Mithridates [6] VI, 1st cent. BC General of Mithridates [6] VI in the first of the Mithridatic Wars (89-85 BC). He captured Chios in 86 BC and organized, despite the payment of the imposed fine of 2,000 talents, deportation of the entire population to the Black Sea (App. Mithr. 180-187; Colchis: Ath. 6,266), in order to warn other cities against secession (cf. Syll.3 785, lines 13-15). During a subsequent stay in Ephesus (still in 86: [1. 172 f.]), however, he was killed by the citizens, who feared a simila…

(Νικόστρατος; Nikóstratos). [German version] [1] Son of Menelaus [1] and Helen Son of Menelaus [1] and Helen [1]. According to  Hom. Il. 3,175 and Hom. Od. 4,12, Menelaus and Helen had only a daughter (Hermione, cf. Eur. Andr. 898; Lycoph. 851), but in another tradition they also had a son (Hes. Fr. 175,2 M.-W.; Soph. El. 539). Later authors tried to resolve this discrepancy by making N. the son of a slave (Paus. 2,18,6). In Amyclae, N. and Megapenthes [2] were portrayed on horseback, as a counterpart to t…

[German version] (Φίλαγρος; Phílagros). Sophist from Cilicia, regarded as arrogant and irritable (Philostr. VS 2,8), possibly related to Q. Veranius Philagrus of Cibyra [1]; pupil of Lollianus [2], probably at Athens, where he quarrelled with Herodes [16] Atticus and his pupils. He may have been Lucian's (Lucianus [1]) target in the latter's Lexiphánēs (cf. [2]). Offered the chair of Greek rhetoric at Rome (in the 170s (?) AD), he died either in Italy or at sea (Philostr. VS 2,8). His pupils included Phoenix (ibid.). Artem. 4,1 (p. 242,11-13 Pack…

(Εὔηνος, Εύηνός; Eúēnos, Euēnós) [1] of Paros [German version] A. Personal Data Eratosthenes distinguishes between two elegiac poets from Paros, both named E. (Harpocr. s.v. Εὔηνος 139,15 Dindorf), others maintain that there had only been one [1]. Plato mentions an E. of Paros, a poet and ‘philosopher’ (Pl. Phd. 60d; 61b), a teacher of political rhetoric around 400 BC (Pl. Ap. 20a-b), who had ‘discovered’ a number of tropes (Pl. Phdr. 267a). Both his language and the subject matter of some of the extant fra…

(Δαμοκράτης; Damokrátēs).   [German version] (M.?) Servilius D. Freedman of M. Servilius ( cos. ord. AD 3) whose daughter he cured (Plin. HN 24,7,28). Under Nero and Vespasian he wrote prescriptions in iambic trimeters in the didactic tradition of  Apollodorus [7]; some of these are extant in  Galen. Bowie, Ewen (Oxford) Bibliography Edition: F. Cats Bussemaker, Poetae bucolici et didactici, 1862.

[German version] (Τυρταῖος; Tyrtaîos). Spartan elegist and aulete, c. 640 BC (Suda s.v. Τυρταῖος, 1205; cf. T.' dating of Theopompus [1] to two generations before his own day, 5 W). The (probably Hellenistic) edition of his poems in 5 vols. (Suda loc.cit.) contains (1) martial exhortatory elegies, (2) the Eunomía and (3) war songs. (1) The battle exhortations (ὑποθῆκαι/ hypothêkai, Suda loc.cit.) urged the Spartans (always in the pl.) to courageous action against the enemy (Messenians: 23 W; Arcadians and Argives: 23a W). Honour in victory or death wa…

[German version] (Eχέμβροτος; Echémbrotos) Arcadian aulode and elegist. Paus. 10,7,5-6 reports about his victory in the aulode competition during the newly arranged Pythian Games in 586 BC and quotes his verse(?) epigram on a tripod in Thebes dedicated to Hercules. His description as a singer of μέλεα καὶ ἐλέγους is the earliest record of the term élegoi. Bowie, Ewen (Oxford) Bibliography IEG 2, 62 M. L. West, Studies in Greek Elegy and Iambus, 1974.

(Τέττιξ, lit. “cicada”). [German version] [1] Founder of a city at the entrance to Hades A Cretan said to have founded a city on the Taenarum near the supposed entrance to Hades: there the man who killed Archilochus in battle, Callondas, nicknamed Corax, was sent by Delphi to placate Archilochus' ghost (Plut. De sera 17.615E, whence Suda α 4112, probably via Ael. (fr. 80)). The hypothesis of [1] that Archilochus called himself T. remains unproven, in spite of Lucian, Pseudol. 1 and Archil. fr. 223  West. Bowie, Ewen (Oxford) Bibliography 1 Göber, s. v. T. (1), RE 5 A, 1111. [German version] [2…

(Χάρης; Chárēs). [German version] [1] Athenian strategos, 4th cent. BC Athenian strategos of the 4th cent. BC. In 367/6 he supported Phleius when it was hard-pressed by Argos and Sicyon. The aid he gave to the oligarchs on Corcyra led to that island's leaving the 2nd Athenian League, and brought Athens discredit among its confederates. Not re-elected as strategos until 357/6. The treaty between Athens and the Thracian kings  Berisades, Amadocus I and Cersobleptes under C. in 357 both confirmed the division of Thracian rule and established Athenian poss…

[German version] (Ἀψίνης; Apsínēs) Valerius [1] A., sophist from Gadara, pupil of the sophist Heracleides and of Basilicus, a teacher of Gaianus, rival of Fronto of Emesa in Athens during the reign of Maximinus, where he was granted the ornamenta consularia (Suda α 4735 Adler). Father of the sophist Onasimus (Suda α 4734, 4736), friend of Philostratus (Philostr. VS 2,33). The works ζητήματα and a Demosthenes commentary (Maximus Planudes 5,517 Walz) have been lost; a corrupt work περὶ τῶν ἐσχηματισμένων προβλημάτων follows a revision o…

(Σόλων/ Sólōn). [1] S. of Athens Poet, legislator, c. 600 BC [German version] I. Life griech. Gesetzgeber, um 600 v. Chr. S. (b. c. 640 BC), an Athenian of the family of the Medontidae, supposedly related through the maternal line with Peisistratus [4], the most important Greek legislator (alongside the legendary Spartan Lycurgus [4]) of the Archaic period and the first prominent Athenian poet. S. first emerged around 600 BC, when he successfully appealed for the conquest of Salamis [1] during the conflict with Megara…

[German version] I Greek (Καλλίστρατος; Kallístratos). [German version] [I 1] Tragedian Tragedian (TrGF I 38), whose ‘Amphilochus and ‘Ixion (DID A 2b, 80) won him second place at the Lenaea of 418 BC; probably not identical with the didáskalos (‘director’) of  Aristophanes [3]. Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg) Bibliography P. Geißler, Chronologie der altatt. Komödie, 1969, 6f. PCG IV, p. 56. [German version] [I 2] Important Athenian politician, elected strategos in 378/7 BC Important Athenian politician and outstanding orator, nephew of  Agyrrhius and kēdestḗs (probably fat…

[German version] Writer of iambics, from Phleius, 4th or 3rd cent. BC. Athenaeus is familiar with οἱ καταλογάδην ἴαμβοι (prose mixed with verse?), that are characterized by compound nouns (445b), and a work about Eros (639a), from which he however transmits no fragment, but just an anecdote (631f.). Bowie, Ewen (Oxford)

[German version] [1] Roman cognomen Common Roman cognomen, initially an individual epithet ('bow-legged', cf. Plin. HN 11,254). Recorded for Alfenus [3; 5], Aternius, Licinius [I 46-47], Quinctilius [I 1-3; II 7-8], Vibius. The best known bearer was P. Quinctilius [II 7] V. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography Degrassi, FCap., 149 Id., FCIR, 271 Kajanto, Cognomina, 242. [German version] [2] Sophist from Perge, c. 150 (Οὔαρος/ Oúaros). Sophist from Perge, c. AD 150, from a noble family, presumably the Plancii (Plancius; cf. [1. 22; 2]). Son of one Callic…

(Ἁδριανός; Hadrianós) [1]. [German version] [1] Rhetor Sophist from Tyre, at 18 years of age a favourite pupil of  Herodes Atticus (Philostr. VS 2,10,585-586). With  Flavius Boethus (also from Phoenicia) he attended the anatomy lectures of  Galen in Rome in AD 162-166 (Gal. 14,627; 629 Kuhn). He may perhaps have been the target of mockery in Lucian's Pseudologístēs [1]. He taught in Ephesus (Philostr. VS 2,23,605) and (163-169) [2] honoured his patron there, the consular Cn.  Claudius [II 64] Severus, with a statue and a poem [3; 4]. From 176 at the l…

(Διονύσιος; Dionýsios). Famous personalities: D. [1], the tyrant of Syracuse; the historian D. [18] of Halicarnassus. Dionysios (month),  Months, names of the. The chronicle of Ps.-D. by Tell Maḥre see D. [23]. I. Politically active personalities [German version] [1] D. I. Notorious tyrant in Syracuse c. 400 BC of Syracuse, son of Hermocritus, born in c. 430 BC, died in 367 BC. Founder of the ‘greatest and longest tyrannical rule in history’ (Diod. Sic. 13,96,4; appearance: Timaeus FGrH 566 F 29). Possessing a sophist education (Cic. Tusc. 5,63), D. had enormous ambitions a…

(Μάρκος; Márkos). I. Greek [German version] [I 1] The Evangelist, [1] (Lat. Marcus). The author of the second Gospel (Mk) could be a missionary (Iohannes) M. who is often mentioned in the NT especially in close association with Paulus (Acts 12:12:25; Phm 24 among others) (for example, for the first time Papias around AD 130, see Euseb. Hist. eccl. 3,39,15). The fact that evidence of a closeness to Paul's theology can barely be found [3] is an argument against this identification, while the straightforwardn…

[German version] (Μοιραγένης; Moiragénēs). Author of ‘Memories of the Magus and Philosopher Apollonius of Tyana (Τὰ Ἀπολλωνίου τοῦ Τυανέως μάγου καὶ φιλοσόφου ἀπομνημονεύματα: Orig. contra Celsum 6,41). The title and size (4 volumes according to Philostr. Ap. 1,3, who bluntly dismisses M. as ignorant regarding Apollonius [14]) suggest that M. (cf. Apollonius of Tyana, epist. 16,17) was not presenting Apollonius in an unfavourable light as a ‘charlatan’ ( góēs), but favourably as a ‘magus’ ( mágos). He is  possibly the M. mentioned in Plut. Symp. 671c and/or the M. of IG 22 6495, a con…

In Greek architecture hippodromos (ἱππόδρομος; hippódromos) denotes the racetrack for horses, which was a customary facility in the polis and the sanctuaries from the early 7th cent. (introduction of chariot races in Olympia in 680 BC). In archaic times the hippodromos was a first-rate place of aristocratic representation, where wealth could be demonstrated visibly before the public through the ownership and regular use of pure-bred race horses. The u-shaped facilities were surrounded by ranks for spectators and furnished with a star…

[German version] (Ἡδύλη; Hēdýlē). According to Ath. 297a, the daughter of the Attic female iambic Moschine and the mother of  Hedylus. This means that she wrote in the early 3rd cent. BC [1]. Athenaeus allocates to H. five elegiac verses (and one word of a sixth) that stem from a poem with the title Skýlla. In it  Glaucus [2] brings his beloved  Scylla maritime presents, presumably before her monstrous metamorphosis, in Sicily or southern Italy (cf. Ov. Met. 13, 904ff.; Hyg. Fab. 199). Bowie, Ewen (Oxford) Bibliography 1 GA I,2, 289. SH 456 U. v. Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, Lesefrüchte, in:…

(Ἡλιόδωρος; Heliódōros). [German version] [1] Chancellor under Seleucus IV, 2nd cent. BC Son of Aeschylus of Antioch on the Orontes, was educated with Seleucus IV and was a courtier (τῶν περὶ τὴν αὐλήν) and well-respected chancellor (ὁ ἐπὶ τῶν πραγμάτων τεταγμένος) under him in 187-175 BC (IG XI 4,1112-1114, or OGIS 247; App. Syr. 45). When financial difficulties after the defeat of Seleucus' father Antiochus III against the Romans (190/188), in conjunction with internal Jewish intrigues, had led to special…

(Δαμιανός; Damianós). [German version] T. Flavius Damianus. Sophist from Ephesus Sophist from Ephesus, where he financed public and private buildings, among them a dining-hall and stoaí the length of one stadion (Philostr. VS 2,23). In three discussions before his death at the age of 70 ( c. AD 210?) he gave his student Philostratus the material for the biography of his teachers Aelius Aristides and Hadrianus of Tyre. As γραμματεύς ( grammateús) he housed Roman troops returning from the Parthian Wars in 166/7 (IK 17.1,3080) and in 170/1 honoured the proconsul Asiae Nonius Macrinus wit…

(Ἀρχίλοχος; Archílochos) From Paros and Thasos, one of the earliest known poets of elegiac, iambic and epodic poetry. [German version] A. Life and Poetry A., son of Telesicles, who guided a Parian colony in 675 BC to Thasos [1], wrote poetry ca. 670-640 [2; 3], cf. the mention of Gyges (died c. 652) as exemplum in 19W (= IEG) and the misfortune of the city of Magnesia in 20W (probably its destruction by Treres, cf. Callinus 5W in Strabon, 14,1,40). The eclipse of the sun in 122W possibly may been have that of 6th April 648. Elegies: amongst the sparse remnants, two poems give comfort on t…

(Πάμφιλος; Pámphilos). [German version] [1] Athenian soldier, 4th cent. BC Athenian hípparchos and stratēgós. In 389 BC, he erected a permanent emplacement on Aegina and besieged the island, but had to be relieved after five months, himself besieged by the Spartan Gorgopas. Convicted of embezzlement and fined heavily at Athens, P. still owed the city five talents at his death after having sold his estates (Lys. 15,5; Xen. Hell. 5,1,2; Aristoph. Plut. 174; 385; Plat. fr. 14 PCG; Dem. Or. 39,2; 40,20 and 22). Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) Volkmann, Hans (Cologne) Bibliography Davies, 36…

[German version] (Σκοπελιανός; Skopelianós). Sophist from Clazomenae, active c. 80-115 AD. According to Philostr. VS 1,21,514, our only source, S. was taught by Nicetes [2], presumably in Smyrna where S. too taught (his pupils included Polemon) and declaimed. Renowned especially for subjects drawn from the Persian Wars, S. had a vigorous style (apparent also in his epic Γιγαντία ( Gigantía), criticised as 'dithyrambic'. Like his ancestors he was high priest of the province of Asia (ἀρχιερεύς/ archiereús). Often an envoy to emperors, c. 92 AD he successfully opposed Domitian's…

[German version] (Σκυθῖνος; Skythînos). iambic poet from Teos (Steph. Byz. s. v. Τέως), perhaps 5th or 4th century B.C. S. composed a poem expounding Heraclitus' [1] philosophy (cited in Diog. Laert. 9,16 = fr. 46 Wehrli), perhaps entitled On Nature (περὶ φύσεως), as in the lemma of Stob. 1,8,43 citing fr. 2 W. on 'time', either in prose or in corrupted trochaic tetrameters [1], the metre of S.' two lines about Apollo's lyre cited Plut. de Pyth. or. 16,402a. Ath. 11,461e cites an account of Herakles' conquests from an apparently prose ‘ historía’ (FGrH 13 F 1). Iambographers  Bowie, Ewen (O…

(Ἀθηναῖος; Athēnaîos). [German version] [1] Lacedaemonian, contributed in 423 BC to the truce with Athens Lacedaemonian, son of Periclidas, contributed in 423 BC to the truce with Athens (Thuc. 4,119), which he officially announced to  Brasidas a little later together with the Athenian Aristonymus (Thuc. 4,122). Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) [German version] [2] Son of Attalus I of Pergamum, member of the 'Royal Council' A. was, as the youngest son of Attalus I of Pergamum, a member of the ‘Royal Council’; he is also documented as an agonothete (Alt. Perg. 8,3,…

[German version] (Ζηνόθεμις; Zēnóthemis). Elegiac poet, probably from the late 4th or early 3rd cent. BC. The only surviving fragment is an elegiac distichon from a Periplous which names the Issedones and the Arismaspi as neighbours (SH 855, quoted by Tzetz. Chil. 7,765f.). This poem is probably also the source of references to Hyperboreans (ibid. 7, 642-671 = SH 856), Amazones in Ethiopia (schol. Apoll. Rhod. 2,963-965c = SH 857), and fish in a Paeonic lake that are fed alive to cattle (Ael. NA 17,30…

(Ἡρῴδης; Hērṓidēs). [German version] [1] H. I.; Herod the Great. Born in c. 73 BC, son of  Antipater [4] and the Arabian woman Cyprus. In 47 appointed strategos of Galilaea, he came into conflict with the Sanhedrin of Jerusalem because of the execution on his own authority of persons involved in a revolt. The Roman governor of Syria Sex.  Iulius [I 11] Caesar made him the strategos of Coilesyria and Samaria. In 43 he proved himself to be indispensable to one of the murderers of Caesar, C.  Cassius [I 10], in the exploitation of the land, likewise in 41 after …

[German version] [1] Macedonian commander (320-319 BC) Son of Iolaus,  399/398 BC, was certainly already active militarily and diplomatically under  Philippus and under his father  Amyntas and brothers. He was especially connected with  Alexander [4] and secured his throne after the murder of Philippus. During Alexander's invasion in Asia he remained with half of the Macedonian army as governor of Europe. He monitored Greece and sent mercenaries and Macedonian contingents during the first year of the …

(Καλλῖνος; Kallînos). [German version] [1] Elegiac poet Elegiac poet from Ephesus, c. 650 BC. His only long fr. (21 verses, 1 W./G.-P., from Stobaeus) urges young men ( néoi), presumably symposiasts, to defend their city. The enemy were perhaps the Cimmerians -- they are mentioned in a hexameter in 5(a) W./G.-P., which was adduced by Str. 14,1,40 (cf. 13,4,8) as evidence for a Cimmerian invasion that led to the capture of Sardes (thus c. 652 BC). This invasion had taken place earlier than that of the Trerians (also in 4 W./G.-P.), which destroyed Magnesia. In theme, …

(Φωκυλίδης/ Phōkylídēs). [German version] [1] Poet from Miletus, c. 540 BC Greek poet from Miletus (Phryn. 336, p. 463 R.; Suda) who wrote hexameters and elegiac gnomai (gnome; elegiac: Athen. 632d; both: Suda φ 643), c. 540 BC (Suda). The Γνῶμαι/ Gnômai, aphorisms, are ascribed to P. by many authors (e.g. Plato, Aristotle, Cicero, Strabo, Dion [I 3] Chrysostomus, Athenaeus, Clement of Alexandria). They begin (as do those of Demodocus [2] of Lerus) with καὶ τόδε Φωκυλίδου/ kai tóde Phōkulídou, 'P. says this, too'). They are written in hexameters (from one to eight verses…

(Πολέμων/ Polémōn). [German version] [1] Academic philosopher, 4th-3rd cents. BC Academic philosopher, born c. 350, died probably in 276/5 BC. Xenocrates [2] introduced him to philosophy (legendary account of his vocation in Diog. Laert. 4,16 f.). P. succeeded him as head of the Academy. He taught Crates [3] and Crantor, as well as the Stoics Zeno of Citium and Ariston [7] of Chios. Very little remains of his many writings mentioned in ancient sources (Diog. Laert. 4,20; Suda s. v. Π 1887) (fr. collected in …

[German version] (Σημωνίδης/ Sēmōnídēs: Choiroboskos in Etym. M. 713,17; most citations spell Σιμωνίδης/ Simōnídēs). One of the earliest known composers of iambic poetry (Iambographers) of the 7th cent. The dating of Cyrillus (Contra Iulianum 1,14) to 664-611 BC is to be preferred (cf. Archilochus) to that of the Suda σ 446 to 490 years after the Trojan War, i.e. 693 BC (cf. the information wrongly transmitted under Simmias σ 431). According to the Suda σ 431 he led colonists from Samos to found Minoa, Aigialos and Arkesine in Amorgos. S. wrote Íamboi and an 'Early History' (Ἀρχαιολογία/ Ar…

(Λολλιανός; Lollianós) [German version] [2] addendum to the family name Hedius. [German version] [3] Q. Hedius L. Plautius Avitus Consul ord. 209 AD For the form of the name, in which Gentianus is also recorded once, cf. [1. 232f.]. Patrician, brother of the virgo Vestalis maxima Terentia Flavola; son of L. [8]. L.'s career up to the consulate is known from CIL VI 32412 = ILS 1155. It is conspicuous that as patrician between the praetorship and office of consul, he was also iuridicus Asturicae et Callaeciae as well as legate of the legio VII Gemina, both in Hispania citerior. Cos. ord. in AD 20…

(Ἱππῶναξ; Hippônax). [German version] A. Person H. was a poet of iambs (ἰαμβοποιός; iambopoiós) from Ephesus (cf. Callim. fr. 203,13). Based on the Marmor Parium 42, his life can be dated from c. 541/0 BC, Pliny (HN 36,11) mentions Ol. 60 = 540-537 BC. Bowie, Ewen (Oxford) [German version] B. Metrics As opposed to  Archilochus and  Semonides, H. is not attributed with elegiac verses. In his Íamboi, he primarily (1-114a, 155-155b West) used choliambic trimeters (x -  - x -  - x - x) interspersed with occasional pure trimeters (e.g. 36,4; 42,4; 118a W.). Also …

[German version] [1] Greek military author Greek military author, wrote the τακτικὰ Αἰλιανοῦ; Taktikà Ailianoû, a textbook addressed to Trajan, in which the tactics and structure of the Greek and specifically the Macedonian armies of the classical and Hellenistic eras are explained. A. was a theoretician without any practical experience and it is for this reason that his work appears mechanical. By his own admission (1,2), he drew on the work of many older authors (Aeneas Tacticus, Pyrrhus of Epirus, Posidoni…

(Ἡρακλείδης; Hērakleídēs). Famous persons: the politician and writer H. [19] Lembus, the philosopher H. [16] Ponticus the Younger, the doctor H. [27] of Tarentum. I. Political figures [German version] [1] Spokesman on behalf of Athens at the Persian court, end of 5th cent. BC H. of Clazomenae (cf. Pl. Ion 541d) was in the service of the Persians and probably called basileús for that reason. Thus, he was able to perform valuable services for Athens at the Persian court in 423 BC for which he received Attic citizenship soon after moving there (after 400, Syll.3 118). To move the Athenians …

[German version] (Κλονᾶς; Klonâs). Poet and musician who is claimed to be from both Tegea and Thebes; possibly early 7th cent. BC, as he is classified between  Terpander and  Archilochus (Ps.-Plut. De musica 1133a). Heraclides Ponticus (fr. 157 Wehrli = Ps.-Plut. ibid. 1131f-1132c, cf. Poll. 4,79) credits him with elegiac poems and hexameters as well as with having introduced nómoi for vocal music (αὐλῴδια/ aulṓidia) accompanied on the aulós, and processional songs (προσόδια/ prosódia). Bowie, Ewen (Oxford) Bibliography M. L. West, Ancient Greek Music, 1992, 333-334.

[German version] (Μίμνερμος; Mímnermos) of Colophon or Smyrna, 2nd half of the 7th century BC. One of the earliest writers of Greek elegy. In antiquity, he was viewed, along with Callinus [1] and Archilochus as its possible ‘inventor’. The Suda dates M. to the 37th Olympiad (632-629 BC), but the opinion of scholars is divided: that M. was still living around 600 cannot be proved by citing Solon (20 W., purporting to be a reply to M.) ( contra [7]); praise of a victor from an earlier generation over the Lydians (14 W.), as well as a poem about a battle against Gyges [1] (P…

(Γλύκων; Glýkōn). [German version] [1] Poet Named by Heph. 10,2 Consbruch as the inventor of Glyconic verse ( Metre). His existence is disputed and the three verses ascribed to him (= 1029 PMG) are generally viewed as alexandrine in terms of metre: G. could hardly have lived before Sappho (late 7th cent. BC), who used this meter. Choeroboscus names G. (in his Comm. on St. In Heph. Consbruch) as a comedic poet, but probably mistook him for Leucon (PCG V 612). Anth. Pal. 10,124, a two-liner on the futil…

(Ἀδαῖος; Adaîos). [German version] [1] Dynast in south-eastern Thrace, (middle of the 3rd cent. BC) Dynast in south-eastern Thrace, middle of the 3rd cent. BC, probably offspring of a Macedonian governor appointed by  Philip II. He minted several emissions of bronze coins. Probably identical to A., who reigned in Cypsela (Athen. 11,468 f.) and A., who was executed by  Ptolemaeus III (Pomp. Trog. prol. 27; SEG 34, 1984, 878). Peter, Ulrike (Berlin) Bibliography K. Buraselis, Das hell. Makedonien und die Ägäis, 1982, 122-123, 139. [German version] [2] Macedonian epigrammatist Maced…

[German version] (Πανάρκης; Panárkēs). Date and origin uncertain; Ath. 452c, adducing Clearchus' [6] On Riddles (Περὶ γρίφων, Perì gríphōn), attributes riddles to him but cites only one, known also from Pl. Resp. 479b, where the scholiast quotes two versions, each in four iambic trimeters, and attributes them to Clearchus = fr. 95 Wehrli. It is uncertain whether P. lived as early as that, or whether the riddle was attributed to him, in Plato's time. Bowie, Ewen (Oxford)

I. Greek [German version] A. Definition Poem in elegiac verse metre (alternating a dactylic catalectic hexameter and a pentameter). This important Greek literary genre is documented since c. 650 BC. Once the inscriptional  epigram had developed into the literary epigram and the elegiac distich had become its customary verse metre, often no difference was recognizable between the two genres. The Greek metric term for the couplet is elegeíon (ἐλεγείον; formed from élegos, ἔλεγος), first in Pherecrates PCG VII, fr. 162,10 (in plural) and Critias 4,3 West, later docume…

[German version] A. Greek The term was coined by German classicists (based on  Aelianus' [2] title ποικίλη ἱστορία, poikílē historía), to classify prose works which present their material in a deliberately indiscriminate order. We have no ancient generic term for works of this kind (neither do we have a detailed critical explanation), but can make the following distinction: (a) works whose contents follow one another apparently haphazardly and whose subjects are different and (b) works whose contents follow one an…

(Δημόδοκος; Dēmódokos). [German version] [1] Singer at the royal court of the Phaeaces Singer at the royal court of the  Phaeaces; as an indirect self-portrait, his slightly idealized description (Hom. Od. 8), just as that of  Phemius, constitutes an important source for the self-perception, working style and social status of the Homeric   aoidoi . D. is highly regarded in society; his name (‘whom the people receives’) is very telling and specifically explained in ‘etymological’ terms in Od. 8,472. D. presents his songs accomp…

(Λεσβῶναξ; Lesbônax). [German version] [1] Greek grammarian Greek grammarian, dates uncertain (perhaps before the end of the 2nd cent. AD). Author of a work on rhetorical figures (Περὶ σχημάτων; Perì schēmátōn) that is extant in two different excerpts (there is no basis for equating him with the orator L. of Mytilene). In it, L. describes a series of grammatical peculiarities ( schḗmata, ‘figures’), i.e. changes in the normal form of speech, which are demonstrated with examples primarily from Homer. There is no Atticist influence at all: the principal sou…

[German version] (Πολύμνηστος/ Polýmnēstos), son of Meles. Epic and elegiac poet of the 7th cent. BC from Colophon. Ps.-Plut. De musica 1132c-d reports that according to Heraclides Ponticus (fr. 157 Wehrli), P. lived after Clonas and Terpander, and composed aulodic nomoi (αὐλῳδικοὶ νόμοι/ aulōidikoì nómoi; Nomos [3]), the so-called Polymnḗsteia (Πολυμνήστεια) (1132d). In connection with the establishment (κατάστασις/ katástasis) of the 'Second School' of Greek music on the Peloponnese, Ps.-Plutarch links him with, among others, Thale(ta)s of Gortyn and…

[German version] (Πίγρης; Pígrēs). Poet from Halicarnassus, son (Plut. Mor. 873f) or brother (Suda π 1551) of Artemisia [1], c. 480 BC (provided the person was not invented; on the Carian name cf. Hdt. 7,98; Syll.3 46,28). Plutarch (if this is not an interpolation [1]) ascribes the Batrachomyomachía to P.; the Suda adds the Margítes and an Iliás, in which P. follows each hexameter in Homer with a pentameter. Bowie, Ewen (Oxford) Bibliography 1 R. Peppmüller, Review of A. Ludwich, Der Karer P. und sein Tierepos Batrachomachia, 1896, in: PhW 21, 1901, 673-679.

(Καλλίν(ε)ικος; Kallín(e)ikos: ‘The noble victor’). [German version] [1] Epithet of Heracles Epithet of  Heracles (Eur. Herc. 582; Aristid. Or. 40.15; OGIS 53; Iscrizioni di Cos ED 180,28ff.; SEG 28.616), according to Archil. fr. 324 IEG in a hymn used as a victory song in Olympia (Pind. Ol. 9,1ff. with schol.; according to schol. Aristoph. Av. 1764 composed in Paros: cf. IG XII5, 234); probably first used for Heracles as a victorious warrior (cf. the aetiologic myth in Apollod. 2.135), later often in an apotropaic epigram (Preger, Inscr. Graecae metricae 213; EpGr 1138). Willi, Andrea…

[German version] [1] Commentator on Aristotle Commentator on Aristotle, 1st half of the 2nd cent. AD; teacher of  Herminus. His works were read in the school of Plotinus (Porph. Vita Plotini 14). A.' commentary on the ‘Nicomachean Ethics [1] is the earliest surviving extended commentary on an Aristotelian text, and influenced the treatment of the ‘common books’ 5-7 as Nicomachean; although the theory in [2. 29-36] that he was responsible for the inclusion of these books has been questioned by the ‘Eud…

(Ἀριστοκλῆς; Aristoklês). [German version] [1] of Messene Peripatetic philosopher of the early imperial era Peripatetic philosopher of the early imperial era. His main work, Περὶ φιλοσοφίας in 10 books, contained a critical summary of the teachings of all philosophical schools; extracts in Euseb. Praep. evang. 14-15. Other teachings attributed to him until recently belong to  Aristotle of Mytilene. Because of the confusion with the latter, A. was also thought to have been a teacher of Alexander of Aphrodisias…

(Θεόδοτος; Theódotos). [German version] [1] Greek architect, c.370 BC Mentioned several times in the construction records for the temple of Asclepius at Epidaurus as its architect; his origins are as unknown as his subsequent whereabouts. T.’ salary during the project amounted to 365 drachmae per year, together with further payments of unknown object. It is uncertain whether he is the same person as the sculptor T. named in IG IV2 102 (B 1 line 97) as having, for 2,340 drachmae, fashioned the acroteria for the pediment; it is possible that the name T. has been in…

(Φιλόστρατος/ Philóstratos). [German version] [1] Attic orator, 4th cent. BC Attic orator of the 4th cent. BC, son of Dionysius of Colonus, known from inscriptions (IG II/III2 2,1622,773) and mentions by Demosthenes [2]. In the 90s, while still a young man, he provided lodging for the lover of his friend Lysias (Dem. Or. 59,22f.); in 366/5, he was among the accusers of Chabrias in the Oropus trial; later he gained a victory as choregos with a choir of boys at the Dionysia (Dem. Or. 21,64); in 342, he was trierarch; between 343 and 340, he testified as a witness in t…

[German version] I. Concept A term often used by modern scholarship, particularly for the Greek culture (esp. literary culture) during the Roman Empire between AD 60 and AD 230 when 'Sophistic declamation' (μελέτη/melétē) became one of the most prestigious cultural activities in the Greek world. Philostratus (Philostr.VS 1 praefatio 481, cf. 1,18,507) first uses (and, it seems, coined) the term 'Second Sophistic' to distinguish the declamatory conventions that he claims were introduced by Aeschines ( i.e., for example, the adoption of 'personae' of oligarchs, tyrants o…

(Ἀριστείδης; Aristeídēs). [German version] [1] Athenian politician and srategos (beginning of the 5th cent. BC) Of Athens, son of Lysimachus. He was one of the most prominent politicians and strategoi of Athens at the time of the Persian Wars. In the battle of Marathon, he probably served as a strategos. In 489/488 BC, he was the eponymous archon (Plut. Aristides 1,2, cf. IG I3 1031). In 482 BC, he was ostrazised ( Ostraka) (Hdt. 8,79; Aristot. Ath. Pol. 22,7; Plut. Aristides 7,1 ff.). His rivalry with  Themistocles, documented already in Herodotus (8,79), …

[German version] (Κλεοβουλίνη). (Probably fictive) daughter of  Cleobulus [1] of Lindus, to whom riddles in an elegiac distichon (Fr. 1-2 West) or a single hexameter (Fr. 3 W.) have been attributed since the late 5th cent. BC (Dissoi logoi 3,10 = Fr. 2 W.). Bowie, Ewen (Oxford)

[German version] (Χρηστός; Chrēstós) from Byzantium. Sophist; pupil and emulator of  Herodes Atticus; taught in Athens. He had 100 pupils, among them many of significance; an alcoholic; he declined the attempt of the Athenians shortly after 180 to appoint him as successor to Hadrianus as professor of rhetoric in Athens. He died at c. 50 years of age (Philostr. VS 2,11). Bowie, Ewen (Oxford) Bibliography I. Avotins, The Holders of the Chairs of Rhetoric at Athens, in: HSPh 79, 1975, 320-1.

(Σίμυλος/ Símylos). [German version] [1] Poet of the New Comedy, 3rd cent. BC Poet of the New Comedy, victorious at the Lenaea in 284 BC with his play Ἐφεσία/Ephesía ('The Girl of Ephesus') [1. test. 1]. Pollux also lists the comedy Μεγαρική/Megarikḗ ('The Girl of Megara'), which according to an uncertain expansion of the list of Dionysia victors was supposed to have been performed in 185 as 'Old Comedy' [1. test. 2]. It is equally uncertain whether two and a half iambic trimeters cited by Theophilus of Antioch are attributable to the comic poet S. [1. fr. 2] (cf. S. [2]). Hidber, Thomas (Berne) B…

[German version] Ionian iambographer (?  c. 6th cent. BC). Athenaeus quotes four choliambic fragments: three in trimeters and one in nine tetrameters (9W, the longest), on the most appropriate foods for the respective season. Athenaeus ascribes 2W either to A. or Hipponax; Stobaeus ascribes 3W to Hipponax, and the scholiast of Arist. Ran. 659 ff. that ascribes to A. which Dionysus ascribes to Hipponax, in which there is an underlying confusion in ascribing it to about 406/5 BC. Bowie, Ewen (Oxford) Bibliography IEG 2,34-36.

(Ἀλέξαδρος; Aléxandros). Famous personalities:  Alexander the Great [4] (III.); the Philosopher Alexander [26] of Aphrodisias. I. Myth [German version] [1] see Paris see  Paris. Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) II. Associated Hellenistic ruling families [German version] [2] A. I. Macedonian king, 1st half of the 5th cent. BC Son of  Amyntas [1] and his negotiator with  Darius. As Macedonian king he supported  Xerxes' invasion of Greece, but pretended to be a friend of the Greeks (later called ‘Philhellen’). Herodotus has subtly shown his ambigu…

[German version] [1] Roman god Roman deity Doubordieu, Annie (Paris) [German version] A. Name The etymology of the name (Q. from * co-uir-inus as with Quirites from * co-uirites, 'the totality of the citizens') makes its bearer the protector of the Roman citizenry. The age and importance of Q. are documented by the mention of his flamen ( F lamines ) in fourth position of the priestly hierarchy ( R ex sacrorum ) transmitted in Fest. 299 f. L. Nevertheless, his nature remains opaque: His origin is connected with the founding of the city of Ro…

(Ἑρμοκράτης; Hermokrátēs). [German version] [1] Syracusan statesman, 424 BC Syracusan statesman and general. Became prominent for the first time at the peace conference of Gela in 424 BC and successfully invited the Sicilian Greeks with the slogan ‘Sicily to the Siceliots’ to settle the internal disputes (Thuc. 4,58-64). In 415 he recommended the formation of a coalition against Athens reaching beyond Sicily (Thuc. 6,32,3-34). Initially chosen as one of three authorized strategoi, but soon, like his colleagues, deposed because of his lack of success (Thuc. 6,73,1; …

(Νικέτης; Nikét ēs). [German version] [1] Greek rhetor at Rome, Augustan period Greek rhetor active at Rome in the Augustan period, known solely through several references by Seneca the Elder. Most of these report brief judgements and pithy remarks on fictional disputes (Sen. Controv 1,4,12; 1,5,9; 1,7,18; 1,8,13; 9,2,29; 9,6,18; 10,5,23); others exemplify the peculiarity of his teaching method (ibid. 9,2,23: N. only declaimed himself, and did not listen to students' practice speeches) and indicate his evid…

[German version] A. Archaic and Classical Poets Among archaic Greek poets,  Archilochus,  Semonides and  Hipponax were regarded as the earliest authors of iambics ( íamboi), followed by  Ananius and, later in the 5th century BC,  Hermippus [1]. The term iambopoioí is found not before the Byzantine lexica. Bowie, Ewen (Oxford) [German version] B. Term and metrics ί̓αμβος ( íambos) seems, although its earliest use (Archil. 215 W) is not decisive, initially to identify a type of poem defined by content (cf. Pl. Leg. 935e) rather than by metre (cf. Hdt. 1…

(Θέογνις/ Théognis). [German version] [1] Elegiac poet, 6th cent. BC Elegiac poet, 6th cent. BC Bowie, Ewen (Oxford) [German version] I. Life and textual history T. was born in Megara [2] in Greece (Didymus in schol. Plat. leg. 630a), hardly Megara [3] in Sicily (Suda Θ 136 and probably Plat. l.c.,), ca. 544-1 BC (Suda l.c.; acc. to [17] 65-71 ca. 630-600). Plat. l.c. (citing El. 77-8) and Isoc. Or. 3,42-3 first name T. as a good adviser, and according to Stob. 4,29,53 Xen. wrote On Theognis and cited El. 22-3 and 183-190. T.'s poems were probably sung at 5th and 4th cent. B…

(Πολέμων). [English version] [1] akad. Philosoph, 4./3. Jh. v. Chr. Akadem. Philosoph, ca. 350 bis verm. 276/5 v. Chr.; wurde von Xenokrates für die Philosophie gewonnen (legendäre Ausgestaltung der Berufung bei Diog. Laert. 4,16 f.) und war später dessen Nachfolger in der Leitung der Akademeia. Er war Lehrer von Krates [3] und Krantor, außerdem der Stoiker Zenon von Kition und Ariston [7] von Chios. Von den zahlreichen Schriften, die P. nach dem Ausweis der ant. Quellen verfaßt haben soll (Diog. Laert. 4…

[1] Pferderennbahn In der griech. Architektur bezeichnet H. (ἱππόδρομος) die Pferderennbahn, die seit dem frühen 7. Jh. (Einführung der Wagenrennen in Olympia 680 v.Chr.) als Einrichtung in den Poleis und Heiligtümern üblich wurde. Das H. war in archa. Zeit erstrangiger Ort aristokratischer Repräsentation, wo Reichtum durch den Besitz und routinierten Gebrauch edler Rennpferde weithin sichtbar vor Publikum demonstriert werden konnte. Die U-förmigen Anlagen waren von Wällen für Zuschauer umgeben un…

(Δαμοκράτης). [English version] (M.?) Servilius D. Freigelassener des M. Servilius ( cos. ord. 3 n.Chr.), dessen Tochter er heilte (Plin. nat. 24,7,28). Er verfaßte unter Nero und Vespasian Rezepte in iambischen Trimetern in der didaktischen Tradition des Apollodoros [7]; einige davon sind bei Galenos erhalten. Bowie, Ewen (Oxford) Bibliography Ed.: F.Cats Bussemaker, Poetae bucolici et didactici, 1862.

(Νικέτης). [English version] [1] griech. Rhetor in Rom, augusteische Zeit Griech., in Rom tätiger Rhetor augusteischer Zeit, bekannt allein durch mehrere Erwähnungen bei Seneca d.Ä. Diese überliefern in der Mehrzahl kurze Beurteilungen und pointierte Aussprüche zu fiktiven Streitfällen (Sen. contr. 1,4,12; 1,5,9; 1,7,18; 1,8,13; 9,2,29; 9,6,18; 10,5,23); andere heben die Besonderheit seiner Lehrmethode hervor (ebd. 9,2,23: N. beschränkte sich darauf, selbst zu deklamieren, hörte nicht Übungsreden von Schü…

von Paros und Thasos, einer der frühesten bekannten Dichter elegischer, iambischer und epodischer Dichtung. [English version] A. Leben und Dichtung A., Sohn des Telesikles, der um 675 v. Chr. eine parische Kolonie nach Thasos führte [1], dichtete ca. 670- 640 [2; 3], vgl. die Erwähnung des Gyges (gest. ca. 652) als exemplum in 19W (= IEG) und das Unglück der Stadt Magnesia in 20W (wahrscheinlich ihre Zerstörung durch Treres, vgl. Kallinos 5W bei Strabon, 14,1,40). Die Sonnenfinsternis in 122W kann, muß aber nicht, die vom 6. April 648 sein. Elegien: Von den spärlichen Resten sprech…

(Ἀριστοκλῆς). [English version] [1] aus Messene Peripatetiker, frühe Kaiserzeit Peripatetiker der frühen Kaiserzeit. Seine Hauptschrift, Περὶ φιλοσοφίας in 10 Büchern, enthielt eine kritische Übersicht über die Lehren aller Schulen; Auszüge bei Eus. pr. ev. 14-15. Andere ihm bisher zugeschriebene Lehren gehören dem Aristoteles aus Mytilene. Wegen der Verwechslung mit letzterem hielt man A. für einen Lehrer des Alexandros von Aphrodisias und setzte seine Lebenszeit ins späte 2. Jh.; tatsächlich scheint er erheblich früher gelebt zu haben. Gottschalk, Hans (Leeds) Bibliograp…

[English version] (Κλονᾶς). Dichter und Musiker, der sowohl von Tegea als auch von Theben in Anspruch genommen wird; vielleicht frühes 7. Jh.v.Chr., da er zw. Terpandros und Archilochos eingeordnet wurde (Ps.-Plut. De musica 1133a). Herakleides Pontikos (fr. 157 Wehrli = Ps.-Plut. ebd. 1131f-1132c, vgl. Poll. 4,79) schreibt ihm elegische und hexametrische Gedichte sowie die Einführung von nómoi für den vom aulós begleiteten Gesang (αὐλῴδια/ aulṓdia) und von Prozessionsliedern (προσόδια/ prosódia) zu. Bowie, Ewen (Oxford) Bibliography M.L. West, Ancient Greek Music, 199…

(Ἀδαῖος, lat. Adaeus). [English version] [1] Dynast in Thrakien (Mitte des 3. Jh. v. Chr.) Dynast im südöstl. Thrakien, Mitte des 3. Jh. v. Chr., wohl Nachkomme eines von Philipp II. eingesetzten maked. Statthalters. Er prägte mehrere Emissionen von Bronzemünzen. Wohl identisch mit dem in Kypsela regierenden A. (Athen. 11,468 f.) und dem von Ptolemaios III. hingerichteten A. (Pomp. Trog. prol. 27; SEG 34, 1984, 878). Peter, Ulrike (Berlin) Bibliography K. Buraselis, Das hell. Makedonien und die Ägäis, 1982, 122-123, 139. [English version] [2] maked. Epigrammatiker Maked. Epigram…

[English version] (Χρηστός) aus Byzantion. Sophist, Schüler und Nacheiferer des Herodes Atticus; lehrte in Athen. Er hatte 100 Schüler, darunter viele bedeutende; trunksüchtig; er lehnte den Versuch der Athener ab, ihn kurz nach 180 zum Nachfolger des Hadrianos auf dem Lehrstuhl der Rhet. in Athen zu machen. Er starb im Alter von ca. 50 Jahren (Philostr. soph. 2,11). Bowie, Ewen (Oxford) Bibliography I. Avotins, The Holders of the Chairs of Rhetoric at Athens, in: HSPh 79, 1975, 320-1.

[English version] A. Griechisch Der Begriff wurde von der dt. altphilol. Forschung geprägt (auf der Basis von Ailianos' [2] Titel ποικίλη ἱστορία, poikílē historía), um Prosawerke zu klassifizieren, die ihren Stoff in einer bewußt unterschiedslosen Reihenfolge präsentieren. Wir haben keinen ant. Gattungsbegriff für derartige Werke (genausowenig eine ausführliche kritische Erörterung), können jedoch folgende Unterscheidung treffen: (a) Werke, deren Inhalte scheinbar wahllos aufeinanderfolgen und deren Themen unterschie…

(Πάμφιλος). [English version] [1] Athen. Militär, 4. Jh. v. Chr. Athenischer hípparchos und stratēgós, errichtete 389 v.Chr. auf Aigina eine feste Stellung und belagerte die Insel, mußte aber nach fünf Monaten, selbst durch den Spartaner Gorgopas belagert, entsetzt werden. In Athen wegen Unterschlagung zu einer hohen Geldstrafe verurteilt, schuldete P. nach Verkauf seiner Güter bei seinem Tod dem Staat noch fünf Talente (Lys. 15,5; Xen. hell. 5,1,2; Aristoph. Plut. 174; 385; Plat. fr. 14 PCG; Demosth. or. 39,2; 40,20 und 22). Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) Volkmann, Hans (Köln) Bib…

[English version] [1] griech. Militärschriftsteller Griech. Militärschriftsteller, verfaßte die τακτικά Αἰλιανοῦ, ein an Traian adressiertes Lehrbuch, in dem Taktik und Aufbau der griech. und bes. maked. Heere der klass. und hell. Zeit erklärt werden. A. war ein Theoretiker ohne praktische Erfahrung, sein Werk wirkt daher schematisch. Er zog laut eigener Aussage (1,2) viele ältere Autoren (Aineias Taktikos, Pyrrhos von Epirus, Poseidonios) zu Rate, hauptsächlich offenbar Polybios. Seine Schrift wurde…

[English version] [1] Aristoteleskommentator, 2. Jh. Aristoteleskommentator, 1. Hälfte des 2. Jh. n.Chr., Lehrer des Herminos. Seine Werke wurden in Plotins Schule gelesen (Porph. Vita Plotini 14). A.' Komm. über die ‘Nikomachische Ethik [1] ist der früheste durchgehende Komm. zu einer aristotelische Abhandlung, der erh. ist, und beeinflußte die Behandlung der “gemeinen Bücher” 5-7 als nikomacheisch, obwohl die These von [2. 29-36], daß er verantwortlich war für den Transfer dieser Bücher, von der ‘Eu…

(Ἀθηναῖος). [English version] [1] Lakedaimonier, 423 v. Chr. am Waffenstillstand mit Athen beteiligt Lakedaimonier, Sohn des Perikleidas, war 423 v.Chr. am Waffenstillstand mit Athen beteiligt (Thuk. 4,119), den er wenig später zusammen mit dem Athener Aristonymos dem Brasidas offiziell verkündete (Thuk. 4,122). Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) [English version] [2] Sohn Attalos' I. von Pergamon, Mitglied des Kronrates A. war als jüngster Sohn Attalos' I. von Pergamon Mitglied des “Kronrates”; auch als Agonothet ist er nachgewiesen (Alt. Perg. 8,3,3; OGIS 3…

(Ἡλιόδωρος). [English version] [1] Kanzler unter Seleukos IV., 2. Jh. v.Chr. Sohn des Aischylos aus Antiocheia am Orontes, wurde gemeinsam mit Seleukos IV. erzogen und war unter diesem 187-175 v.Chr. Höfling (τῶν περὶ τὴν αὐλήν) und vielgeehrter Kanzler (ὁ ἐπὶ τῶν πραγμάτων τεταγμένος) (IG XI 4,1112-1114, bzw. OGIS 247; App. Syr. 45). Als die Finanznot nach der Niederlage von Seleukos' Vater Antiochos III. gegen die Römer (190/188) in Verbindung mit innerjüdischen Intrigen zu besonderen Abgabenforderungen …

[English version] Ion. Jambograph (? ca. 6. Jh. v. Chr.). Athenaios zitiert vier choliambische Fragmente: drei in Trimetern und eines in neun Tetrametern (9W, das längste), auf die zu den jeweiligen Jahreszeiten am besten passenden Speisen. 2W schreibt er entweder A. oder Hipponax zu; Stobaios gibt 3W an Hipponax, und der Scholiast von Arist. Ran. 659 ff. schreibt A. zu, was Dionysos an Hipponax gibt, wobei er eine Verwechslung bei der Zuschreibung um 406/5 v. Chr. zugrundelegt. Bowie, Ewen (Oxford) Bibliography IEG 2,34-36.

(Λολλιανός). [English version] [1] Romanautor der ›Phöniz. Geschichten‹, vor 2. Jh. Verf. eines Romans in mehreren B. mit dem Titel ‘Phönizische Geschichten (Φοινικικά, Phoinikiká), der uns aus den Frg. eines Papyrus-Cod. vom Ende des 2. Jh.n.Chr. bekannt ist (PColoniensis inv. 3328; die Zuweisung ist sicher); es gibt gute Gründe, dem Roman des L. auch die Reste eines Prosatextes zuzuweisen, der nicht später als um die Mitte des 3. Jh.n.Chr. auf die Versoseite von POxy. 1368 (= Pack2 2620) geschrieben wurde. Die erh. Fr. lassen verschiedene Episoden erkennen: eine Tan…

[English version] Valerius [1] A., Sophist aus Gadara, Schüler des Sophisten Herakleides und des Basilikos, Lehrer das Gaianos, Rivale des Fronto von Emesa in Athen während der Regierungszeit des Maximinus, wo ihm die ornamenta consularia verliehen wurden (Suda α 4735 Adler). Vater des Sophisten Onasimos (Suda α 4734, 4736), Freund des Philostratos (Philostr. soph. 2,33). Die Werke μελέται, ζητήματα und ein Demostheneskomm. (Maximos Planudes 5,517 Walz) sind verloren; ein korruptes Werk περὶ τῶν ἐσχηματισμένων προβλημάτων folgt …

Bekannte Persönlichkeiten: Alexander [4] d. Gr. (III.); der Philosoph A. [26] aus Aphrodisias. I. Mythos [English version] [1] anderer Name des Paris s. Paris. Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) II. Angehörige hellenistischer Herrscherfamilien [English version] [2] A. I. Makedon. König (1. H. 5. Jh. v. Chr.) Sohn von Amyntas [1] und sein Unterhändler mit Dareios. Als maked. König unterstützte er Xerxes' Invasion in Griechenland, gab aber vor, ein Freund der Griechen zu sein (später “Philhellen” genannt). Herodot hat seine Zweideutigkeit subtil …

[English version] [1] Makedon. Reichsverweser (320-319 v. Chr.) Sohn des Iolaos,  399/8 v. Chr., unter Philippos und wohl schon unter dessen Vater Amyntas und Brüdern mil. und diplomatisch aktiv. Er war Alexandros [4] bes. verbunden und sicherte ihm nach Philippos' Ermordung den Thron. Bei Alexandros' Invasion in Asien blieb er mit der Hälfte des maked. Heeres als Statthalter von Europa zurück. Er überwachte Griechenland und sandte während des ersten Jahres des Feldzugs dem König Söldner und maked. Auf…

[1] von Paros [English version] A. Zur Person Eratosthenes unterscheidet zwei Elegiker aus Paros namens E. (Harpokr. s.v. Εὔηνος 139,15 Dindorf), andere behaupten, es gäbe nur einen [1]. Platon erwähnt einen E. von Paros, einen Dichter und “Philosophen” (Plat. Phaid. 60d; 61b), der um 400 v.Chr. polit. Rhet. lehrte (Plat. apol. 20a-b) und einige Tropen “entdeckte” (Plat. Phaidr. 267a). Sowohl Sprache als auch Themenwahl einiger Fragmente, z.B. Mäßigung beim Trinken (2 Gentili-Prato/West, evtl. eine Antw…

[English version] (Ἡδύλη). Nach Athen. 297a die Tochter der att. Iambendichterin Moschine und die Mutter von Hedylos; also schrieb sie im frühen 3. Jh. v.Chr. [1]. Athenaios weist H. fünf elegische Verse (und ein Wort eines sechsten) zu, die aus einem Gedicht mit dem Titel Skýlla stammen. Darin bringt Glaukos [2] in Sizilien oder Südit. seiner geliebten Skylla maritime Geschenke, vermutlich vor ihrer monströsen Metamorphose (vgl. Ov. met. 13, 904ff.; Hyg. fab. 199). Bowie, Ewen (Oxford) Bibliography 1 GA I,2, 289. SH 456  U. v. Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, Lesefrüchte, in: Hermes 6…

(Φωκυλίδης). [English version] [1] Dichter aus Milet, um 540 v. Chr. Griech. Dichter aus Milet (Phryn. 336, p. 463 R.; Suda), der hexametrische und elegische Gnomen verfaßte (elegisch: Athen. 632d; beides: Suda φ 643), ca. 540 v.Chr. (Suda). Die Γνῶμαι ( Gnṓmai, Aphorismen) werden Ph. von vielen Autoren zugeschrieben (u.a. Platon, Aristoteles, Cicero, Strabon, Dion [I 3] Chrysostomos, Athenaios, Clemens von Alexandreia). Sie beginnen (wie die von Demodokos [2] von Leros) mit καὶ τόδε Φωκυλίδου (‘Auch dies sagt Ph.’). Sie sind in Hexam…

(Γλύκων). [English version] [1] Dichter Von Heph. 10,2 Consbruch als Erfinder des Glykoneus (Metrik) bezeichnet. Seine Existenz ist unbestritten, die drei ihm zugeschriebenen Verse (= 1029 PMG) gelten gemeinhin jedoch als alexandrinisch: Dieser G. kann kaum vor Sappho (Ende 7. Jh. v.Chr.), die dieses Metrum verwendet, gelebt haben. Choiroboskos nennt G. (in seinem Komm. z.St. In Heph. Consbruch) einen komischen Dichter, verwechselt ihn aber vermutlich mit Leukon (PCG V 612). Anth. Pal. 10,124, ein Zw…

[English version] (Φίλαγρος). Sophist aus Kilikien, galt als arrogant und reizbar (Philostr. soph. 2,8), möglicherweise mit Q. Veranius Philagros aus Kibyra [1] verwandt; Schüler des Lollianos [2], wahrscheinlich in Athen, wo er sich mit Herodes [16] Atticus und dessen Schülern stritt, und möglicherweise Zielscheibe des Lukianos [1] in dessen Lexiphánēs (vgl. [2]). Auf den Lehrstuhl für griech. Rhet. in Rom berufen (in den 170er (?) Jahren n.Chr.), starb er in Italien oder auf See (Philostr. soph. 2,8). Zu seinen Schülern gehörte Phoinix (ebd.…

[English version] (Πίγρης). Dichter aus Halikarnassos, Sohn (Plut. mor. 873f) oder Bruder (Suda π 1551) der Artemisia [1], ca. 480 v.Chr. (sofern die Person nicht erfunden ist; zum karischen Namen vgl. Hdt. 7,98; Syll.3 46,28). Plutarchos (falls nicht Itp. [1]) schreibt P. die Batrachomyomachía zu, die Suda fügt auch noch den Margítes und eine Iliás hinzu, in der bei P. ein Pentameter jedem homer. Hexameter folgte. Bowie, Ewen (Oxford) Bibliography 1 R. Peppmüller, Rez. A. Ludwich, Der Karer P. und sein Tierepos Batrachomachia, 1896, in: PhW 21, 1901, 673-679.

(Φιλόστρατος). [English version] [1] att. Redner, 4. Jh. v. Chr. Att. Redner des 4. Jh.v.Chr., Sohn des Dionysios aus Kolonos, bekannt durch Inschr. (IG II/III2 2,1622,773) und aus Erwähnungen bei Demosthenes [2]. In den 90er Jahren beherbergte er als noch junger Mann die Geliebte des mit ihm befreundeten Lysias (Demosth. or. 59,22f.), 366/5 war er unter den Anklägern des Chabrias im Oropos-Prozeß, später siegte er als Chorege mit einem Knabenchor bei den Dionysien (Demosth. or. 21,64), 342 war er Trierarch, zw. 343 u…

(Μάρκος). [English version] [1] der Evangelist (lat. Marcus). Der Verf. des zweiten Evangeliums (Mk) könnte ein im NT vor allem im Umfeld des Paulus (Apg 12,12.25; Phm 24 u.a.) oft genannter Missionar (Iohannes) M. sein (so zuerst Papias um 130 n.Chr., s. Eus. HE 3,39,15). Dagegen spricht, daß eine Nähe zur paulinischen Theologie kaum nachgewiesen werden kann [3], dafür aber die Einfachheit dieser Annahme, da die biographischen Angaben und die angenommene Abfassungszeit übereinstimmen [1]. Der griech.…

(Ἁδριανός). [English version] [1] Sophist aus Tyros, 2. Jh. Sophist aus Tyros, mit 18 Jahren ein Lieblingsschüler des Herodes Atticus (Philostr. soph. 2,10,585-586). Mit Flavius Boëthos (ebenfalls aus Phönizien) besuchte er 162-166 n.Chr. die Anatomievorlesungen von Galenos in Rom (Gal. 14,627; 629 Kuhn). Vielleicht war er Ziel des Spotts in Lukians Pseudologístēs [1]. Er lehrte in Ephesos (Philostr. soph. 2,23,605) und ehrte dort (163-169) [2] seinen Patron, den Consular Cn. Claudius [II 64] Severus, mit einer Statue und einem Gedicht [3; 4]. S…

(Ἱππῶναξ). [English version] A. Zur Person H. war Iambendichter (ἰαμβοποιός) aus Ephesos (vgl. Kall. fr. 203,13). Seine Lebenszeit ist nach dem Marmor Parium 42 um ca. 541/0 v.Chr. zu datieren, Plinius (nat. 36,11) nennt Ol. 60 = 540-537 v.Chr. Bowie, Ewen (Oxford) [English version] B. Metrik Anders als Archilochos und Semonides werden H. keine elegischen Verse zugeschrieben. In seinen Íamboi verwandte er hauptsächlich (1-114a, 155-155b West) choliambische Trimeter (x -  - x -  - x - x), durchsetzt mit gelegentlichen reinen Trimetern (z.B. 36,4; 42,4;…

(Καλλῖνος). [English version] [1] elegischer Dichter aus Ephesos, ca. 650 v. Chr. Elegischer Dichter aus Ephesos, ca. 650 v.Chr. Sein einziges langes Fr. (21 Verse, 1 W./G.-P., aus Stobaios) ermahnt junge Männer ( néoi), vermutlich Symposiasten, ihre Stadt zu verteidigen. Gegner waren vielleicht die Kimmerier - diese werden in einem Hexameter in 5(a) W./G.-P. erwähnt, der von Strab. 14,1,40 (vgl. 13,4,8) als Beweis für einen in der Einnahme von Sardeis resultierenden (also ca. 652 v.Chr.) Einfall der Kimmerier angeführt wurde. …

(Καλλίστρατος). [English version] [1] Tragiker, 5. Jh. v. Chr. Tragiker (TrGF I 38), belegte an den Lenäen 418 v.Chr. den 2. Rang mit einem ‘Amphilochos und ‘Ixion (DID A 2b, 80), wohl nicht identisch mit dem didáskalos (“Regisseur”) des Aristophanes [3]. Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg) Bibliography P. Geißler, Chronologie der altatt. Komödie, 1969, 6f.  PCG IV, p. 56. [English version] [2] Bedeutender athen. Politiker, 378/7 v. Chr. zum strategos gewählt Bedeutender athen. Politiker und hervorragender Redner, Neffe des Agyrrhios und kēdestḗs (wohl Schwiegervater) des Timo…

[English version] [1] röm. Gott Röm. Gott. Doubordieu, Annie (Paris) [English version] A. Name Die Etym. des Namens (Q. von * co-uir-inus wie Quirites von * co-uirites, “die Gesamtheit der Bürger”) macht seinen Träger zum Beschützer der röm. Bürgerschaft. Alter und Bed. des Q. sind belegt durch die Erwähnung seines flamen ( flamines ) an vierter Stelle der bei Fest. 299 f. L. überl. Priesterhierarchie ( rex sacrorum ). Gleichwohl bleibt sein Wesen im Dunkeln: Seine Herkunft ist mit der Gründung der Stadt Rom und der ersten röm. Bürgersch…

(Ἡρακλείδης). Bekannte Persönlichkeiten: der Politiker und Schriftsteller H. [19] Lembos, der Philosoph H. [16] Pontikos d.J., der Arzt H. [27] aus Tarent. I. Politische Persönlichkeiten [English version] [1] Fürsprecher Athens am pers. Hof, Ende 5. Jh. v. Chr. H. aus Klazomenai (vgl. Plat. Ion 541d) stand in persischen Diensten, darum wohl basileús genannt. Er hat so 423 v.Chr. wertvolle Dienste am persischen Hof für Athen leisten können, wofür er bald nach seiner Übersiedlung das att. Bürgerrecht erhielt (nach 400, Syll.3 118). Um die Athener für eine noch stärkere Teiln…