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, Mullā , probably the best-known Kurdish leader of his generation (1902-79), was born in Barzān [ q.v.], (now in the province of Duhuk), northern ʿIrāk, into a family of Naḳs̲h̲bandī [see naḳs̲h̲bandiyya ] s̲h̲ayk̲h̲ s. His father, S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ ʿAbd al-Salām, sent a petition to the Young Turk government in 1908 asking for Kurdish officials to be employed in the Kurdish areas, and for Kurdish to be an official language of the region; he was subsequently hanged in Mawṣil in 1915 for his defiance of the Ottoman …

, a section of the Arab tribe of the Banū ʿUḳayl, which in turn is a subdivision of the great group of the ʿĀmīr b. Ṣaʿṣaʿa [ q.v.]. 1. In Pre-Islamic Arabia and the ageof the conquests. Genealogy: al-Muntafiḳ b. ʿĀmir b. ʿUḳayl (Wüstenfeld, Gen. Tab. , D. 19). The very scanty information in Wüstenfeld can be supplemented by the notice which Ibn al-Kalbī gives of the Banu ’l-Muntafiḳ ( D̲j̲amharat al-nasab = Gaskel and Strenziok, Tabellen, 104, Register 431); but this little clan nowhere appears to play a great part in early history. The territory inhabited by the …

, fourteen times Prime Minister of ʿIrāḳ under the monarchy (1921-58) and one of the most robust Arab politicians of his generation, was born in Bag̲h̲dād in 1888, the son of a minor administrative official, and was killed at the hands of a hostile crowd in Bag̲h̲dād on the day after the ʿIrāḳī Revolution of 14 July 1958. Nūrī attended military schools in Bag̲h̲dād and Istanbul, receiving his commission in 1906; after four years soldiering in ʿIrāḳ, he returned to the Staff College in Istanbul, …

(al-D̲j̲īlānī), Prime Minister of ʿIrāḳ on four occasions in the 1930s and ¶ 1940s and for long a symbol ofʿIrāḳī resistance to British interests. He was a descendant of the famous religious leader ʿAbd al-Ḳādir al-D̲j̲īlānī [ q.v.] and a member of a cadet branch of the family which held the office of naḳīb al-as̲h̲rāf [ q.v.] in Bag̲h̲dād several times in the 19th and 20th centuries (b. Bag̲h̲dād 1892, d. Beirut 1965). Ras̲h̲īd ʿAlī qualified as a lawyer and became an appeal court judge in 1921; in 1924 he became Minister of Justice in the cabi…

, in European sources usually rendered as Mosul, a city of northern Mesopotamia or ʿIrāḳ, on the west bank of the Tigris and opposite to the ancient Nineveh. In early Islamic times it was the capital of Diyār Rabīʿa [ q.v.], forming the eastern part of the province of al-D̲j̲azīra [ q.v.]. At the present time, it is the third largest city of the Republic of ʿIrāḳ. 1. History up to 1900. Al-Mawṣil takes its name from the fact that a number of arms of the river there combine (Arabic, waṣala ) to form a single stream. The town lies close beside the Tigris on a spur of the western steppeplateau ¶ which juts …