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(Ἀρίστων; Arístōn). [German version] [1] of Athens Tragedian Son of Menealaus (possibly identical with TrGF 2-4, 1977-85, 137), father of the comic poet Alexander (FdD III 2, 48 l. 3 and 15; 49), author of Satyr plays and tragedies; in an inscript…

[German version] (ἡ διαλεκτική; hē dialektikḗ) is an elliptic expression for ἡ διαλεκτικὴ τέχνη ( hē dialektikḕ téchnē), ‘the art of discourse’. In both versions, it is first found in Plato (Plt. 7,534e 3 or respectively Phdr. 276e5f.), where it is used to describe an ability which is characteristic of philosophers. This, then new, definition of dialectics was widely adopted, but also frequently modified even in antiquity. For a better understanding, the descriptor ‘art’ ( téchnē) is of importance. It clarifi…

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[German version] The term dialectician (διαλεκτικός; dialektikós), ‘practised in discourse’, was initially used to describe someone ‘who knows how to ask questions and answer them’ (Pl. Crat. 390c), i.e. a logician according to the contemporary appreciation of his most important ability. The understanding of the term then shifted, so that it either continued to comprise all logicians (as e.g. in Aristot. Top. 8,2,157a 19; Cic. Acad. 2,143; S. Emp. P.H. 2,166) or only referred to a certain group of log…

[German version] [1] Macedonian commander (320-319 BC) Son of Iolaus,  399/398 BC, was certainly already active militarily and diplomatically under  Philippus and under his father  Amyntas and brothers. He was especially connected with  Alexander [4] and secured his throne after the murder of Philippus. During Alexander's invasion in Asia he remained with half of the Macedonian army as governor of Europe. He monitored Greece and sent mercenaries and Macedonian contingents during the first year of the …

(Ἀθηνόδωρος; Athēnódōros). [German version] [1] Mercenary commander, in Persian service around 360 BC Mercenary commander, from the Athenian cleruchy Imbrus. In Persian service around 360 BC, then in the service of the Thracian king  Berisades, to whom he became related by marriage. In the battle for the rulership in Thrace, A. won for the allied Berisades and  Amadocus the Athenians as symmachoi against  Cersebleptes. Because of this, the Athenian strategos Chares was able to secure the division of the rulership in Thrace as well as the Athenian possessions on the Chersonesus by treaty in 357/6 (Dem. Or. 23,170-173; IG II2 126; Stv 303). The city Cius bestowed honorary rights on A. (I. Cius 2). Taken prisoner during the taking of Sardes by Alexander in 334, A. was released at the int…

(Ἀπολλόδωρος; Apollódōros). Political figures [German version] [1] Athenian politician (4th cent. BC) Son of  Pasion of Acharnae, Athenian rhetor and supporter of Demosthenes (394/93, died after 343 BC). A. was one of the richest Athenian citizens after 370. He undertook costly trierarchy liturgies (cf. IG II2 1609,83 and 89; IG II2 1612, b110; Dem. Or. 50,4-10; 40 and 58) and in 352/51 gained a victory as   choregos (IG II2 3039,2) but had only limited success in obtaining a political post commensurate with his wealth. From 370 to 350 BC he indulged in litigation against  Phormio, the successor in his father's bank, about complicated property matters. Authorship of some of Demosthenes' speeches (46, 47?, 49, 50, 52, 53 and 59) is ascribed to A., and they are first-rate sources for Athenian legal, economical and social history. In 361/60 he prosecuted the strategoi Timomachus, Callippus, Menon, Autocles and Timotheus (Dem. Or. 36,53) eisangelia for allegedly betraying Miltocythes. …