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[German version] A conversation between two monks and a person who appears to be a former member of the monastery, documented in the cod. Parisinus 7558 in 110 hexameters (with small gaps). The point of departure is the devastating invasion of Gaul by the Vandals and Alans (AD 407-409). While its effects are being smoothed out, the moral disaster continues and is rendered in a satirical fashion ( interior pestis, V. 15): the striving towards a knowledge denied to humankind, the vices of women, which, of course, are encouraged by men who thereby are held responsib…

[German version] A. Life A. lived in the 4th cent. AD ( c. 310-394). He was for many years a grammaticus and rhetor in his home city of Burdigala (Bordeaux), before being called to the court in Trier at an advanced age (probably in 367) by Valentinian I to act as tutor to the young Gratian -- a classic example of social mobility. This, and specifically the beginning of  Gratianus' reign (in 375), was the beginning of a political career which led to the eponymous consulship (in 379)…

[German version] A. Definition Greek κέντρων ( kéntrōn) and Latin cento -- the linguistic historical relationship between the words is a matter of contention [20. 11-13] -- have in common, even though their meanings do not quite cover the same fields, the fact that they describe a quilt made of remnants of used material sewn together, and then in the figurative sense a text that was assembled of di…

[German version] [1] Aemilius Magnus, professor of rhetoric and lawyer in Tolosa Aemilius Magnus, son of Caecilius Argicius Arborius and Aemilia Corinthia Maura, and maternal uncle of the poet D. Magnus  Ausonius, whose education and career he influenced substantially (Auson. 162, p. 30 f.; 206, p. 63 f.). He worked as a respected professor of rhetoric and advocate in Tolosa and its neighbouring provinces, and, through this, must have become friends with the half-brothers of Constantine I. It is disputed whether he also held the office of praeses of Gallia Narbonensis (but cf. …

Roman cognomen probably of Etruscan origin, as a praenomen passed down for the Aequian king G. Cloelius in 458 BC (Liv. 3,25,5). As cognomen prominent in the family of the Sempronii, especially with the people's tribunes Ti. and C.  Sempronius Gracchus.…

[German version] Mentioned in Jer. Chron. for AD 324 as an exceptional orator; Ausonius also mentions him in the Commemoratio professorum Burdigalensium (14,9); he may even have taught at Burdigala/Bordeaux (otherwise [4. 243f.], against [5. 498f.]). His daughter matched him in eloquence (Jer. Chron. AD 336). The surviving panegyric to Emperor Constantinus [1] and the Caesars Crispus and Constantinus [2] II was held at Rome in AD 321 on the occasion of the Quinquennalia of the imperial sons in the absence of the addressees (cf. [3. 338]) and was adopted into the corpus of the Panegyrici Latini . At the heart of the strongly rhetorical panegyric, whose lack of historical and political topicality is striking, stands the Emperor himself, with his virtues ( fortitudo, pietas, clementia) and deeds; the main theme is the syncrisis type of confrontation with the tyrannus Maxentius. Ausonius; Panegyrici Latini Liebermann, Wolf-Lüder (Bielefeld) Bibliography Editions: 1 E. Galletier, Panégyriques latins, vol. 2, 1952, 147-198 (with trans. and comm.)…

[German version] Attested as a concept ( invectiva oratio) from the 4th cent. AD, invective is not sharply defined. Before a wide or restricted public audience, by means of a generally valid canon of values, it seeks to discriminate seriously against or destroy an opponent (possibly indicated indirectly only; through whatever means it employs for the purpose, see  Satire). In a tradition going back to Plato, ψόγος ( psógos, reproach) forms a contrast with ἔπαινος ( épainos, praise), encomium and hymn; but, according to Pl. Leg. 934d-936b, in keeping with the theory's instructional aspect, seriously running down or ridiculing someone is not allowed: praise and reproach affirm the code of values and have a pedagogical function (Leg. 829c-e). Praise and reproach are developed as a fixed pair of o…

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(Ἄλκιμος; Álkimos). [German version] [5] Latinus A. Alethius Rhetorician, writer of panagyrics and poet Appears as a famous rhetorician (probably based on a catalogue of model speeches from Bordeaux) in  Sidonius, where he is praised for his oratorical fortitudo: Epist. 5,10,3 (see Jer. Chron. a. Abr. 2371). Probably also the author of a rhetorical handbook that is otherwise no longer distinguishable (Sid. Apoll. Epist. 8, 11, 2; in the same source: origin in Agen; concerning false identifications, see PLRE 2, Alethius 2, against [3…

[German version] (C. Chirius F. derives from a misunderstood title of a work: enchiridion/enchiriadis). Author of a Lat. manual Ars rhetorica in three bks in the form of question and answer. In bks 1 and 2 the inventio is discussed (status, partes orationis), with emphasis on the doctrine of status, and in bk. 3 dispositio, elocutio, memoria and pronuntiatio. Probably to be dated in the 5th rather than the 4th cent. AD [6], the work represents a comprehensive and highly systematic compendium, deriving from the declamatory school (p. 2,20) and is in the  Hermagoras-tradition of the status (…

Name of an old patrician family, probably connected with the name of the god  Jupiter [1. 281; 2. 729]. The gens was one of the so-called ‘Trojan families’, who were said to have moved from Alba Longa to Rome under king Tullus Hostilius [I 4] (see below). The Iulii were prominent in the 5th and 4th cents. BC. Their connection to the family branch of the Caesares, which rose to prominence from the 3rd cent. and whose outstanding member was the dictator  Caesar (with family tree), is unclear. Caesar's adoptive son,…

[German version] [1] Military see  Ensigns Ego, Beate (Osnabrück) [German version] [2] Science See  Eagle; see  Constellations Ego, Beate (Osnabrück) [German version] [3] Proselyte from Sinope, Bible translator Proselyte from  Sinope, translated the Hebrew Bible into Greek ( c. AD 130). The source language orientation of the work stands in the foreground to the extent that many passages remain incomprehensible without knowledge of the Hebrew original. Specifically Hebraic syntactical structures are imitated, Hebre…

[English version] A. Leben Lat. Dichter und Gelehrter im Gefolge der Alexandriner. Er wurde 170 v. Chr von freigelassenen Eltern (Hier. chron. a. Abr. 1878; 139 v. Chr.) wohl in Pisaurum geboren, wo das Geschlecht der Accii nachweisbar ist. In Rom schloß er sich D. Iunius Brutus Callaicus (cos. 138 v. Chr.) an (Cic. Brut. 107; Arch. 27). Eine Bildungsreise führte ihn nach Grie…

[English version] [1] Latinus A. Alethius Rhetor, Panegyriker und Dichter, 4. Jh.? Figuriert, vermutlich auf der Basis eines Katalogs von Musterreden aus Bordeaux, als berühmter Rhetor bei Sidonius, wo seine rednerische …

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[English version] [1] mil. s. Feldzeichen Ego, Beate (Osnabrück) [English version] [2] naturwiss. s. Adler, s. Sternbilder Ego, Beate (Osnabrück) [English version] [3] Bibelübersetzer, ca. 130 Proselyt aus Sinope, übersetzte die hebr. Bibel ins Griech. (ca. 130 n. Chr.). Die ausgangssprachliche Orientierung dieses Werkes steht im Vordergrund, so daß manche Passagen ohne Kenntnis des hebr. Originals unverständlich bleiben. Spezifisch hebr. syntaktische Strukturen werden imitiert, hebr. Begriffe nach Möglichkeit durch lau…

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[English version] A. Leben A.' Lebenszeit fällt in das 4. Jh.n. Chr. (ca. 310-394). In seiner Heimatstadt Burdigala (Bordeaux) war er lange Jahre als grammaticus und rhetor tätig, bis er in fortgeschrittenem Alter (vermutlich 367) von Valentinian I. als Erzieher des jungen Gratian an den Hof nach Trier berufen wurde - ein Musterfall für soziale Mobilität. Damit, bes. mit dem Regierungsantritt Gratianus' (375), begann eine polit. Karriere, die bis zum eponymen Konsulat (379) führte. Es gelang ihm, weiteren Familienangehörigen einflußreiche Ämter zu verschaffen. Die Machtkonzentration in der Hand des Ausonius-Clans (Stemma: [1. CXV-CXVIII]; PLRE 1,1134f.) beschränkt…

[English version] A. Definition Griech. κέντρων und lat. cento - das sprachgesch. Verhältnis der Wörter ist umstritten [20. 11-13] - haben bei sonst nicht ganz deckungsgleichen Bedeutungsfeldern gemeinsam, daß sie eine aus Resten gebrauchten Stoffes zusammengenähte Decke bezeichnen, bzw. dann übertragen einen Text, der möglichst nur aus disparaten Versteilen (bis zu eineinhalb Versen) bekannter Dichter zu einem neuen kontinuierlichen Aussagezusammenhang verbu…