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[German version] Area of lagoons (seven at the time of naming) at the mouths of the Padus and the Atesis (Plin. HN. 119f.), modern Laguna Veneta in the Atria region, enhanced by the Etrusci with the waters of the Sagis, and still navigable in the Roman Imperial period, partly by means of fossae, between Ravenna and Altinum. Statio on the Via Popilia to the east of Atria (It. Ant. 126,6; Tab. Peut. 4,5). Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography L. Bosio, I S. M., in: Archeologia Veneta 2, 1979, 33-44.

[German version] Strategically important narrow pass ( saltus) above Tarracina (in Latium) between the mountain range and a steep headland above the sea (Liv. 7,39,7; 22,15,11). The Romans were defeated there in 315 BC by the Samnites (Liv. 9,23,4; Diod. Sic. 19,72). From 312 onwards the steep via Appia led over it. Trajan had 128 feet of the height - measured from the base of the cliff - chopped off and the road built in the plain along the sea; modern Piscomontano. Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography Nissen 2, 642.

[German version] Villa in the region of Arpinum west of the Liris near Cereatae (Cic. Att. 4,7,3; 10,1,1; Cic. Ad Q. Fr. 2,5,4; 3,1,4; 3,1). Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography Nissen 2, 674.

[German version] [1] Barrier in a Roman circus Term for the massive elongated barrier that divided a Roman circus into two tracks running in opposite directions. A spina was usually walled and variously decorated (e.g. with statues); at its ends stood the metae (Meta [2]) that marked the turning point of the running track. Höcker, Christoph (Kissing) Bibliography J. Humphrey, Roman Circuses, 1986, Index s. v. S. [German version] [2] City at the mouth of the Spines This item can be found on the following maps: Venetic | Etrusci, Etruria | Colonization Etruscan city at the mouth of th…

[German version] Hill town of the  Volsci in the central Liris valley, modern Arpino (Frosinone); Roman   praefectura from 305 BC (Liv. 9,44,16), from 90 BC   municipium of the tribus Cornelia, regio I, birth place of Marius and Cicero. Simple Volscian fortifications are extant at Civita Falconiera, also a strong Roman walled circle (3 km in diameter; polygonal stonework), including a monumental gate with a pointed arch. Remains of a temple (possibly of Mercurius Lanarius) underneath the church of S. Maria; remains of another b…

[German version] (Τίβερις/ Tíberis, modern Tevere). River in central Italy (403 km long, 17,169 km2 catchment area). Other names: Albula (Serv. Aen. 8,332: from the Latin albus, 'white'; cf. Liv. 1,3; Plin. HN 3,53), Rumon (Serv. Aen. 8,63; 8,90), Serra (Serv. Aen. 8,63), Thybris (Verg. Aen. 2,782; 3,500); called flavus ('yellow') in Verg. Aen. 7,31 for the great quantity of eroded soil it bore (on Tiberinus, god of the T., cf. Varro, Ling. 5,71; Serv. Aen. 8,31). It rises in the Appenines (Appenninus) on Monte Fumaiolo at 1,268 m above sea le…

[German version] Italian people in Latium on the  Liris and its tributary Trerus or Tolerus (modern Sacco); here lay Anagnia, Ferentinum and Frusino on the via Latina, and further inland Verulae, Aletrium and Capitulum Hernicum. Possibly attested from the beginning of the Iron Age, they appear to have been the oldest Italian people who immigrated to Latium, possibly in connection with the migrations of the Sabini (Serv. Aen. 7,684) or Marsi (Paul Fest. 89 L.). Laevus Cispius of Anagnia supported Tullus Hostilius against …

[German version] Mountain in the Appenninus (Varro Rust. 2,1,5; Verg. Aen. 7,713) to the north of the Via Salaria, which separates the fourth (Nursia der Sabini) and fifth (Asculum in Picenum) regio nes, modern Monti Sibillini (up to 2476 m high). Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence)

[German version] (Truentinus). River in Picenum (Picentes), modern Tronto. It rises in the Appenninus (on mons Fiscellus, modern Gran Sasso), flows parallel to the via Salaria past Badies (not located), ad Martis (not located), Surpicanum (not located), ad Centesimum (modern Centesimo), ad Aquas (modern Acquasanta Terme),  Asculum (modern Ascoli) and, navigable only in this area, into the sea near Truentum to the south of modern San Bendetto. Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence)

[German version] Town of the Peucetii at the crossroads of the via Gellia and the via Traiana between Rubi and Barium (It. Ant. 117; It. Burd. 609) where the church of San Pietro sopra Minerva conceals a temple to Minerva, now Bitonto. Municipium of regio II: Plin. HN 3,105; Mart. 2,48,7. Minting in the 3rd cent. BC [1]. Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography 1 HN 46 2 V. Acquafredda, Bitonto attraverso i secoli, 1937 3 F. P. Palmieri, Manufatti di età preclassica, in: Studi Bitontini 18-19, 1975-76; 32f., 1980-81 53-82 4 M. R. Depalo, 1984 5 BTCGI 4, 67-80.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Umbri, Umbria (Σέντινον; Séntinon). City in Umbria on the left-hand tributary of the Aesis of the same name; municipium , Regio VI (Str. 5,2,10; Plin. HN 3,114; Ptol. 3,1,53), tribus Lemonia [1. 274], remains 1.5 km to the northeast of Sassoferrato. The Romans won a victory there in 295 BC in a battle deciding the Third Samnite War (Pol. 2,19,6; Liv. 10,17 ff.) and therefore built a sanctuary at Civitalba (temple terracottas, 3rd century BC). In 41 BC S. was destroyed by Q.…

[German version] Volcanic island in the Mare Tyrrhenum , the modern Palmarola (province of Latina). From north to south, it measures 3.5 km at a maximum elevation of 253 m. P. is the westernmost of the insulae Pontiae (Pontia [2]; Varro Rust. 3,5,7; Plin. HN 3,81). Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography G.M. De Rossi (ed.), Le isole pontine attraverso i tempi, 1986.

[German version] Township, developed out of three vici (cf. place name), of the Hirpini in Apulia (Apuli), possibly modern Trevico (formerly Vico) or modern La Civita 7 km to the east. A villa near T. (possibly at modern Scampitella) was used as a mansio by Horatius [7] on his journey to Brundisium in 37 BC (Hor. Sat. 1,5,79 f.). Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography G. Colucci Pescatori, Evidenze archeologiche in Irpinia, in: G. d'Henry et al., La Romanisation du Samnium (Colloque Neapel 1988), 1991, 85-122, here 105 f.  A. Russi, s. v. Apulia, Enciclopedia Oraziana 1, 199…

[German version] City of the Volsci in Latium adiectum, perhaps to be located near Monte Giove. Home city of  Coriolanus; C. is mentioned in connection with the events of 490 BC (Liv. 2,39; 3,71). Ceased to exist in the course of the 5th cent.; no traces left at the time of Pliny (HN 3,69). Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography S. Gsell, Top., Jahr, 180f. A. Nibby, Analisi storico-topographico-antiquaria della carta de'dintorni di Roma 1, 1837, 512f. Nissen 2, 631.

[German version] River originating in the area of the Volsci (Latium) to the north-east of Atina. Between Fabrateria and Aquinum, in a distance of four miles, it flows in the river Liris. It is crossed by the via Latina ( Melfel, Tab. Peut. 6,2), modern Melfa. Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography Nissen 2, 669 Miller, 330.

[German version] [1] Town in the Picenum on the river Fiumicello Town in the  Picenum on the river Fiumicello (Musone). Municipium of the tribus Velina (Plin. HN 3,111); T. Labienus, who was from C., richly endowed the city with buildings at his own expense (Caes. B Civ. 1,15,2). Monuments: remains on the terrace of Borgo San Lorenzo under the modern Cingoli (Macerata); opus reticulatum walls, remains of a temple in the church; aqueduct (restored by Hadrian). The territory of C. extended to the mountain of the same name (Str. 5,2,10; possibly the modern Monte Cingulo). …

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[German version] River in Sabinum, rising at Mt Fiscellus near  Nursia (Plin. HN 3,109). The   via Salaria followed the course of the river from Falacrinae via Interocrium and Cutilia to Reate, where it joined the Velinus. Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence)

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[German version] [1] F. Vetus Town of the Hernici on the Trerus (modern Sacco) near Frosinone ( Frusino) in Latium adiectum ( regio I), called F. Vetus from the end of the 2nd cent. BC, near the church of Santa Maria del Fiume near Ceccano (cf. CIL X p. 552, 5647-5661; EEpigr 8, 888f.). As a Volscian town, it was involved in

[German version] River in Venetia, modern Tagliamento (Geogr. Rav 4,36: Taliamentum). It rises in the Alpes Carnicae, flows through Iulium Carnicum, Osopus (modern Osoppo), Reunia (Ragogna), Apicilia (Latisanotta) and into the Adriatic between Concordia (Concordia Sagittaria) and Aquileia [1]. Wood was floated on the T. from the mountains to the sea; it is hence conceivable that the name of the river derives from Latin tilia, 'lime'. Plin. HN 3,126 disting…

[German version] [1] Daughter of the emperor Vitellius [II 2], 1st cent. AD Daughter of the emperor Vitellius [II 2] who married her to Valerius [II 2] Asiaticus, governor of the province of Belgica…

[German version] River in central Italy (168 km), modern Garigliano. It has its source in the Colles Simbruini near Lacus Fucinus, flows through Sora, takes up the Fibrenus below Arpinum (Cic. Leg. agr. 2,3) and forms a waterfall here; near Fregellae is the confluence of the Trerus (Sacco), then the Melfis (Melfa). Upstream of its mouth lies the Lucus Maricae, a holy grove of Marica with a cult centre sacred to the Romans. To the right of the mouth lies Minturnae.…

[German version] Volcanic massif (1053 m, modern Monte Cimino) in southern Etruria, in the borderlands shared with the Falisci in the Silva Ciminia. The MC towered above the Lacus Ciminius, which was rich in fish (according to Serv. Aen. 7,697, the lake was created by Hercules; modern Lago di Vico). East of the lake, it was crossed by the via Ciminia, a branch of the via Cassia between Sutrium and Aquae Passerianae (near Viterbo). There seems to have been an ancient place of worship on Monte Venere beside the lake. Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography S. Francocci, D. Rose, L'antica vi…

[German version] River in Lucania (Plin. 3,97; Kasas in Bacchyl. 10,115; Basintos, Basentius in Guido 29), descends from the Apennines near Potentia and flows into the Gulf of Taranto near Metapontum, modern Basento. Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) …

[German version] Crater lake in Latium near Aricia in the Alban Hills (Plin. HN 19,141), modern Lago di Nemi. An underground drainage adit (Str. 5,3,13) was cut around the 4th cent. BC [1]. The forested slopes on its banks formed the …

[German version] [1] Town of the Peucetii in Apulia Town of the Peucetii in Apulia at the via Municia Tranana, modern Ceglie del Campo (province of Bari). Over a length of more than 5 km encircled by a town wall. Inside, graves from the 6th/4th cents. BC; traces of centuriation. Minting in the 3rd cent. BC. (HN 46: ΚΑΙΛΙΝΟΝ). Municipium of the tribus Claudia (Str. 6,3,7; Ptol. 3,1,7). Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography V. Roppo, C., 1921 M. Gervasio, in: Iapigia 1, 1930, 241-272 F. Biancofiore, La viabilità antica, in: ASPugl 15, 1962, 230-32 I. Albergo Frugis, Atti XI Conv. Tar…

[German version] Town of the Samnites Pentri ( regio IV) on a hill to the right of the Tifernus. In 217 BC won back from the Carthaginians by Q. Fabius Maximus (Liv. 24,20,5). Municipium, tribus Voltinia (Plin. HN 3,107; CIL IX p. 237). Its location was pinpointed at the Church of Santa Maria di Faífula (Faífoli) near Montágano north of Campobasso. Epigraphical evidence: CIL IX 2551-2561; EEpigr 8, 109. Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography A. Degrassi, Quattuorviri, in: Id., Scritti vari 1, 1962, 150ff. G. De Benedettis, F., in: S. Capin…

[German version] [1] Italian town on Monte Vairano near Campobasso …

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Socii (Roman confederation) | Caesar | | Regio, regiones Main centre of the Paeligni, on the Aternus; the modern Corfinio (province of L'Aquila). In 90 BC under the name Italia or Italica (Diod. Sic. 37,2,4; Str. 5,4,2; Vell. Pat. 2,16,3) capital of the rebellious Italici; coinage bearing the legend viteliu. Municipium, tribus Sergia; affected by the Civil War (Caes. B Civ. 1,16-23). Regio IV (Plin. HN 3,106). Intersection of the via Valeria, via Claudia Valeria and via Minucia (It. Ant. 310). Archaeological remains: re…

[German version] Town in the territory of the Aurunci (Ausones) on the Tyrrhenian coast between Minturnae and Sinuessa, where in 340 BC the consul Manlius [I 12] defeated the Latini decisively (Liv. 8,11,11; Diod. Sic. 16,90,2), to be found on the Ager Vescinus (cf. Liv. 10,21,7; 10,31,2; Cic. Leg. agr. 2,66). Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography F. Coarelli, Vescia, in: id. (ed.), Minturnae, 1989, 29-33, here 33.

[German version] Town near modern Ferrara, where the Padus (modern Po) separated into two branches, the Olana (Ὄλανα) and the Padoa (Παδόα) (Pol. 2,16,11: Τριγάβολοι/ Trigáboloi). Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography G. Uggeri, La romanizzazione dell'antico Delta Padano, 1975, 46 f.

[German version] Way station on the Adriatic coastal road in Picenum between Castrum Novum and Ostia Aterni (Tab. Peut. 6,1). The place name is probably corrupt, in connection with the mouth of the river called Matrínos by Str. 5,4,2 and Ptol. 3,1,17. Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography Nissen 2, 431 N. Alfieri, I fiumi adriatici, in: Athenaeum 37, 1949, 137f.

[German version] (Πιστωρία; Pistōría). Ligur…

[German version] A river, which gives its name to the tribus Sapinia, modern Savio; rises in the Appennines in the north of Umbria (Plin. HN 3,115;  Str. 5,1,11: Σάπις; Sápis); Sarsina is in its upper reaches. It flows through the region of Caesena into the Aemilia and joins the Ionian Sea (Ionios Kolpos) to the south of Ravenna. It was crossed by the via Popilia at the road station S. between Ariminum and Ravenna (Tab. Peut. 5,1: Sabis). Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence)

[German version] [1] City on the Clanius in Campania This item can be found on the following maps: Social Wars | Villa | Etrusci, Etruria City of the  Sidicini or…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Umbri, Umbria Town of the  Umbri on the slopes of Mount Subasio, modern Assisi. From 89 BC   municipium of the tribus Sergia, later regio VI (Str. 5,2,10; Plin. HN 3,113; Ptol. 3,1,53). Birthplace of  Propertius. Wall ring in opus quadratum with an irregular course (2.5 km), remains of a gate in the west. The town was laid out in terraces, with a central forum with a temple, allegedly of Minerva, on its northern side, and arcades on the other three sides (1st cent. BC), ciste…

[German version] [1] Town in Umbria This item can be found on the following maps: Umbri, Umbria …

[German version] (Ῥηγισουίλλα/ Rhēgisouílla). Small landing site ( positio, Itin. Maritimum 499,3 f.) on the coast of Etruria between Graviscae and Cosa(e), the residence of Maleus [3], king of Pelasgian colonists, who later returned to Athens (Str. 5,2,8). In the Hellenistic-Roman Period, R. was a port of the Volci/Vulci (near modern Montalto di Castro). The place has been located at Le Murelle di Montalto di Castro; there is a Roman villa of the period from the 1st to the 5th cents. AD there. Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography E. Tortorici, Regisvillae, in: Quaderni Ist. To…

[German version] [1] Statio in  Etruria on the  via Cassia Statio in  Etruria on the   …

[German version] (Λόγγολα; Lóngola). Town near Antium and Corioli whose inhabitants were known as Long(ul)ani. In ancient times in the territory of the Latini, later of the Volsci, and in 493 BC conquered by Consul Postumus Cominius [I 3] (Liv. 2,33,4; 39,3; Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 6,91; 8,36; 85). Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography Nissen 2, 556, 631 M. Pallottino, Le origini di Roma, in: ArchCl 12, 1960, 27 A. Alföldi, Early Rome and the Latins, 1963, 13, 368.

[German version] Promontory on the coast of Etruria (635 m; Rut. Nam. 1,315) to the south of the mouth of the Albinia (modern Albegna), today still Monte Argentario, connected to the mainland by two narrow strips of land enclosing a lagoon.…

[German version] Territory (Frontin. Aq. 15,1) of the Aequi at the foot of the colles Simbruini (Tac. Ann. 11,13,2) in the valley of the upper Anio which was blocked by reservoir dams to create the “stagna Simbruina” ("the Simbruine Lake", Tac. Ann. 14,22;  cf. Sil. Pun. 8,368 f.) for Nero's villa at Sublaqueum (modern Subiaco). Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography M. G. Fiore Cavaliere, Sublaqueum - Subiaco, 1994.

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[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Umbri, Umbria | | Coloniae Umbrian harbour-city north of the mouth of the Metaurus ( regio VI), where the via Flaminia reaches the Adriatic coast; the modern Fano (Pesaro; It. Gaditanum 95; It. Ant. 126; It. Burd. 615; Tab. Peut. 5,2). The name derives from the cult of Fortuna. F. had the status of a municipium, tribus Pollia. The city was occupied by Caesar after his crossing of the Rubicon (Caes. B Civ. 1,11,4); under Augustus it was the veterans' colony of Iulia Fanestris (CIL XI 6232); basilica of Vitruvius (5,1,6-10; [1; 2]). In the 4th cent. AD F. was colonia Flavia Fanestris. Destroyed by Vitigis in AD 545 (Procop. Goth. 3,11; 25). A triumphal arch of Augustus survives, along with the city walls dated by CIL XI 6218f. to AD 9; restored by Constantine; round watchtowers. The via Flaminia formed the main axis of the city, which has an orthogonal plan. For the Early Christian phase see [3]. Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) …

[German version] Town of the Aurunci in Latium adiectum at the foot of the montes Fundani (Tac. Ann. 4,59) on the via Appia between Tarracina and Formiae, 74 miles from Rome, modern Fondi (Latina). In 338 or 332 BC together with  Formiae civitas sine suffragio (Liv. 8,14,10; Vell. Pat. 1,14,4), F. then sided with the Privernati (Liv. 8,19). In 188 BC F. and Formiae belonged to the tribus Aemilia ( cum suffragio); F. was a praefectura; in 174 it obtained an aqueduct through the Roman censores (Liv. 41,27,11). F. was a municipium with three aediles and had a cult of Hercules. Under Augustus F. was a c…

[German version] (vulgarly also Vicoventia). Vicus (cf. CIL V 2383; XI 421) in Regio VIII (Aemilia;  cf. Regio , with map). It flourished from the 1st cent. AD as an administrative centre of the saltus regionis Padanae Vercellensium Ravennatium (cf. ILS 1509). Documented from 431 AD as a suffragan bishopric of Ravenna (Petrus Chrysologus, Sermo 175). Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliogra…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Social Wars | Socii (Roman confederation) | Theatre | Caesar | Umbri, Umbria | Coloniae | Coloniae City on the fossilized (…

[German version] Island in the Mare Tyrrhenum off Etruria, modern Pianosa. Prehistorical finds, villa of Agrippa [2] Postumus, catacombs. Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography BTCGI 13, 535-546.

Roman family name of Etruscan origin ( Ceicna, Schulze, 75, 285, 567; ThlL, Onom. 15f.), whose bearers belonged to the city aristocracy of Volaterrae (cf. Cic. Fam. 6,6,9), where the family is attested in several branches and partly through richly adorned graves. (CIE 18-24; 36-42 et al.). The lineage appeared in Rome from the 1st cent. BC, but never lost its links with its homeland (cognomen Tuscus in C. [II 9]); villa of the Roman city prefect of AD 414, Caecina Decius Atinatius Albinus, (PLRE 1, 50) near the modern Volterra), where the name also survived in the name of the river ( C. [III 1]) and the place name of …

[German version] Volcanic massif (956 m) in Latium Vetus (Latini), modern-day Monte Cavo, southeast of Rome (from it derives the term lapis Albanus,  a grey-coloured peperino or volcanic tuff used in buildings in Rome). The centre of cult worship originally lay beneath Alba Longa in a grove, then later in the temple of Iuppiter Latiaris ( templum Iovis Latiaris, CIL XIV 2227) 20 miles from Rome, where , in spring, the Latins and Romans sacrificed a white bull on occasion of the …

[German version] Samnite tribe on the Adriatic coast (Str. 5,4,2). The name is derived from the dissimilation of the place name [1] * Frentrum, which in turn was inferred through numismatical ( Frentrei) and inscriptional ( Frentra[ni]) methods [2]. The F. settled on the slopes of the regio VII that fall away towards the Adriatic, between the Maiella mountains and the coastal region surrounded by Ortona, the valleys of the Sagrus (Sangro), the Trinius (Trigno), the Tifernus, and the Frento (Fortore). In the west, the tribal area bordered on t…

[German version] [1] Anatolian goddess in Rome…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Socii (Roman confederation) | Theatre | Tribus | Coloniae Latin   colonia with 6,000 colonists, founded as a fortification to control a road junction in 304 BC (Liv. 10. 1. 2) in the area of the  Aequi: the later via Valeria (between Rome and the Adriatic;   decumanus of the city laid out at right angles) and a road that connected Etruria with Campania along the Liris met there. Served as place of exile for Syphax, for Perseus and for Bituitus. Decline since the 3rd cent.…

[German version] Marshy region on the river Eridanus, which had originated from a southern arm of the Padus (Po) in the period of Early History and had dried up in the Roman period. The fossil river bed was used in the construction of the fossa Augusta , the navigable canal between Padus and Classis which was the port for Ravenna (cf. Plin. HN 3,119). P. is associated with the myth of Phaethon and Cycnus [3] (Diod. Sic.5,23,3). Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography …

[German version] Right-bank tributary of the Calor (modern Calore) in the territory of the Hirpini, modern Tammaro. It rises in the region of Saepinum, crosses the Ager Taurasinus, touches Forum Novum (modern Sant' Arcangelo) and into the Calor at Beneventum; stretches of it are flanked by the via Minucia (station Super Thamari fluvium:  It. Ant. 103,1) and the via Traiana. Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography Miller, 370 G. De Benedittis, L'alta valle del T., in: Studi Beneventani 4-5, 1991, 3-38.

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[German version] (the modern Paglia). Right tributary of the Tiber which at Volsinii (the modern Orvieto) is joined by the Clanis flowing from Clusium.  A harbour (Pagliano) is formed where it flows into the Tiber. A station Pallia was situated on the …

[German version] Station in Etruria on the via Aemilia Scauri between Vada Volaterrana and Pisae (It. Ant. 293). Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography M. Sordi, La via Aurelia da Vada a Pisa, in: Athenaeum 59, 1971, 302-312. …

[German version] [1] Capital city of (non-Etruscan) Falisci in southern Etruria This item can be found on the following maps: Umbri, Umbria | Coloniae | Italy, languages | Oracles Capital city of (non-Etruscan) Falisci in southern Etruria on a tuff spur of the eastern Monti Cimini between two righthand tributaries of the Tiberis (Vicano and Fosso Maggiore). Founded by the Argive hero  Halesus (Ov. Fast. 4,73), according to others a Chalcidian foundation (Iust. 20,1,13). Had its own Italic dialect (Str. 5,2,9; [1; 2; 3]). Cu…

[German version] [1] Celtic people in Umbria and Picenum Celtic people which migrated at the end of the 4th cent. BC from the south of Gaul into the area between the Apennine mountains and the Ionios Kolpos (Adriatic) in the region of the Rivers Sena and Tinna in Umbria and Picenum (…

[German version] Left tributary of the Liris in Latium in the region between Sora and Arpinum, modern Fibreno. At its mouth was the location of Cicero's villa (Cic. Leg. 2,6), remains of which are thought to be recognizable in the abbey of San Domenico near Isola del Liri. Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) …

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Umbri, Umbria Town in Umbria ( regio VI…

[German version] Town of the Hirpini in the regio II on the border to Lucania, modern Conza della Campania (Province of Avellino). Located on a height by the upper  Aufidus, at the crossing to the Sele valley (Sella di Conza). Involved in the Second Punic War, Hannibal's base of operations after Cannae (216 BC), but it was reconquered by Fabius Maximus (214 BC). In the Social War on Rome's side (Vell. 2,16). Municipium of the tribus Galeria. Cults of the Mater Deum and Iupiter Vicilinus in agro Compsano (Liv. 24,44,8). Epigraphy: CIL IX, p. 88, 963-993, Roman sarcophagi, episcopal…

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[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Tribus | Latini, Latium (or Numentum). Latin town founded by Alba Longa (Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 2,53; Verg. Aen. 6,773; 7,706) in Sabine territory on the left bank of the Tiber on the Via Nomentana (Tab. Peut. 5,5), 14 miles north east of Rome, modern Mentana. Member of the Latin League (Latini, with map). N. received the civitas Romana, under a dictator, in 338 BC (Liv. 8,14,3). Martial praised N., especially the merits of its vineyards (Mart. 2,38; 10,48; 13,119; Columella 3,2f.; Plin. HN 14,23; 48) and …

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[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Coloniae City in Latium, not located. Colony of Alba Longa, occupied by the Volsci, destroyed by Tarquinius Superbus (Liv. 1,53,2; Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 4,50; Tac. Hist. 3,72); conquered again by the Romans in 495 BC (Liv. 2,17,1; 2,25,6; Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 6,29). According to [1; 2], SP refers to the pre-Volscan phase of Satricum (10th-6th cent. BC), according to [3; 4], it is identical to Apiolae or can be located in a pre-Roman city discovered at Cisterna di Latina. Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography 1 C. M. Stibbe, …

[German version] River, forming the border between  Picenum and the  Senones (Liv. 5,35), later taken as Umbrian ( Umbria), modern Esino. From its source on the territory of Sentinum, it runs to the Adriatic, where its mouth is bridged by the   via Flaminia at the   statio ad Aesim (modern Falconara Marittima) (large cistern: three parallel water chambers). The A. valley was known for its excellent cheeses (Plin. 3,112; 11,241). Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography …

[German version] [1] Artificially extended harbour complex near Ostia This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre An artificial harbour complex, created under the emperor Claudius (AD 41-54) to extend the harbour of Ostia (with plan) and enlarged under Trajan (AD 98-117), c. 3 km northwest of Ostia. The Claudian harbour basin ( c. 80 hectares) was protected from the sea by a mole structure (but no…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Social Wars | Socii (Roman confederation) | Theatre | Tribus | Caesar | Wine | | Coloniae | Commerce | Oracles | Pilgrimage | Regio, regiones (cf. map). City at the mouth of the Tiber, 16 miles from Rome, of the tribus Voturia ( tribus Palatina for freedmen), later regio I (Italia), connected to Rome by the via Ostiensis. According to Liv. 1,33,9, the colony was founded by Ancus Marcius [I 3] when, having deprived Veii of the silva Mesia, he extended his rule to the coast and set up salt refineries there (cf. CIL XIV 4338 from 2nd cent. AD). However, the strong walls of tufa blocks, enclosing a rectangle of 125 x 194 m, only date from the mid-4th cent. BC. This so-called castrum, divided symmetrically by two street axes, was directly at the river mouth (which today has pushed out 4 km to the west), in order to control access. It, together with O.'s very limited cultivable territorium, emphasises the military nature of th…

[German version] Town in Latium, colony of Alba Longa, ancestral seat of the gens Iulia, 11 miles south-east of Rome in Frattocchie near the via Appia, which had been extended to B. in 294 BC. B. became a municipium under Sulla. In 52 BC, it was the location of the dispute between Clodius and Milo. In memory of the obsequies of Augus…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Venetic | Coloniae Venetic, later Celtic ( Carni) settlement centre, probably constituted as a Roman vicus after the attack of the  Iapodes in 52 BC. Municipium since Augustus, colonia since Claudius. Location: on the road from Aquileia to Aguntum. Local Belenus cult. After its destruction, most likely by  Alaricus…

(Λευκωσία; Leukōsía). [German version] [3] Island on the Lucanian coast (Mela 2,7,121; Plin. HN 3,83: Leucothea) on the Punta della Licosa, modern Isola Piana. Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography G. Brugnoli, s.v. L., EV 3, 1987, 196f. BTCGI 9, 1991, 5; 14, 1996, 505f. [German version] [1] One of the three post-Homeric Sirens One of the three post-Homeric Sirens, who no longer - as with Homer - appear in a group but as individuals: L. reaches south-west Italy through colonization. Conseque…

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[German version] Harbour on the Etruscan coast opposite Ilva (modern Elba), 12 miles south of Populonia (It. Ant. 501; Faleria, Rut. Namat. 1,371, should be corrected to Falesia [2]). In the Middle Ages Porto di Felesa [1], modern Piombino (Livorno). Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography 1 G. Targioni Tozzetti, Relazione d'alcuni viaggi fatti in diverse parti della Toscana 4, 1751, 250 2 R. Gelsomino, Nota a Rut. Nam. 1,371, in: Rivista di Cultura Classic…

Various stations derived their names from a cult site of Mars ad ( fanum) Martis. [German version] [1] Station on the road through the Alpes Cottiae Station on the road through the Alpes Cottiae above Segusio at the confluence of the Bardonecchia and the Dora Riparia, modern Oulx. …

[German version] Cape on the Tyrrhenian Sea, said by the sources to have been an island connected to the mainland by silting (Theophr. C. plant. 5,8,3; Plin. HN 2,201), modern Circeo (513 m high). The MC has been identified with the island of Circe (Hom. Od. 12,9; Hes. Theog. 1011f.)…

[German version] Limestone ridge (691m), present-day Soratte to the northwest of Sant’Oreste, cut off from the Appennines in South Etruria in the territory of the Falisci to the right of the Tiber between the via Flaminia in the west and the via Tiberina in the east. It dominates the Campagna Romana and is visible from Rome (Hor. Carm. 1,9). Apollo (Verg. Aen. 11,785; Sil. Pun. 5,175; 7,662; 8,492; …

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[German version] River in the Apennine Mountains (Plin. HN 3,50) in the territory of the Apuani; rising near Luca, it used to discharge into the Arnus near Pisa; nowadays, it has its own mouth into the Tyrrhenian Sea; modern Serchio. Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography F. Castagnoli, SE 20, 1948-49, 285-90 G. Ciampoltrini, SE 58, 1992, 53-74; SE 59, 1993, 59-86.

[German version] (Ξιφωνία; Xiphōnía). Port (Scyl. 13) and headland (Str. 6,2,2) on the eastern coast of Sicily on an elongated  sword-like (cf. ξίφος/ xíphos, 'sword') peninsula in the east of Megara [3], on which the king Frederick II  founded the city of Augusta in the 13th cent. X. played an important part in connection with Hannibal's [2] sea manoeuvres in 263 BC (Diod. 23,4,1).…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Socii (Roman confederation) | Theatre Town of the  Sabini (Str. 5,3,1; Liv. 38,45,19) in a fertile region, situated on a terrace, the source of the river Aternus, which gives its name to the town (Varro, Ling. 5,28); modern Vittorino near L'Aquila on the via Caecilia between Rome and Hadria. A Roman   praefectura from 293 BC, it then became a   municipium of the tribus Quirina with   octoviri . Birthplace of  Sallustius (86 BC). Augustan theatre ( opus reticulatum), leaning against the hillside; an amphitheatre (90 x 68 m…

(Τρήβουλα; Trḗboula). [German version] [1] Sabine town This item can be found on the following maps: …

[German version] River in Samnium (Samnites; Plin. HN 3,103; 3,106; Ptol. 3,1,18: Φιτέρνος/ Phitérnos), modern Biferno. It rises on T. Mons (modern Matese), forms the border with Campania, flows through the territory of the Pentri of Bovianum and Fagifulae, separates the Frentani from the Larinates (Larinum) and flows into the Adriatic (Ionios Kolpos) to the south of Buca (modern Termoli).…

[German version] Swamp in  Latium (on the Lago di Fondi with a floating island) close to the ancient Amyclae, famous for its wines, especially the sorts Falernus and Setinus (CIL VI 9797). Verified in Rome by numerous amphoras with the inscription Caec(ubum vinum); at the time of Pliny, however, this wine had already become a rarity (Plin. HN 14,61). Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence)

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Umbri, Umbria | Italy, languages | Oracles Town in Umbria on a hill in the upper valley of the Tiber, controlled an important traffic route linking the Tyrrhenian and Adriatic coasts via the Pass of Scheggia (63 m), modern Gubbio. Minted its own coins ( IKVVINI, IKVVINS [1. 140-152]). After 268 BC it was civitas foederata (Cic. Balb. 47). In 167 BC the Illyrian king Genthius was interned here (Liv. 45,43,9). After the Social War it was …

[German version] Right-hand tributary of the Padus (Po) in Aemilia, which flows down from the Apennines from the territory of the Ligures Friniates (Liv. 41,12,18) into the region of Mutina. In the valley of the S. sheep were bred (particularly soft w…

[German version] (Liv. 2,39; Ethnikon Μογιλλανοί, Dion. Hal. ant. 8,36,2). Oppidum in Latium at Corioli. The gens of the Papirii Mugillani (Papirius) presumably originated there. Its precise location is unknown. Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence)

[German version] Branch of the aqua Marcia in Rome behind the horti Pallantiani (Frontin. Aq. 19,8) south of the porta Tiburtina, which supplied the regiones I, XI and XII via the Caelius mons and the Porta Capena. The association of a …

[German version] Main centre of the  Carricini in Samnium, mentioned for events in 311 BC (Liv. 9,31,2f.); municipium since the 1st cent. BC, tribus Arnensis; birthplace of Helvidius Priscus (Tac. Hist. 4,5). Archaeological monuments: remains on the Piano Laroma at Aventino near Cásoli (Chieti); opus incertum and reticulatum; theatre in opus reticulatum with audience seating adjoining the city walls; thermal springs; domus suburbana with mosaics. Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography …

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[German version] (Rut. Namat. 1,515; Γοργόνη/ Gorgónē, Ptol. 3,1,78; Ὀργών/ Orgṓn, Steph. Byz. s.v.; Lat. Urgo, Plin. HN 3,81; Gorgona from the time of Gregory the Great). Small island in the mare Ligusticum between Pisa and Corsica; modern Gorgona. Eneolithic (early 2nd millennium B…

[German version] (modern Frosinone). City in Latium adiectum on the via Latina, seven miles from Ferentinum on a hill (291 m) left of Cosa (modern Acquosa). In 306 BC it instigated a rebellion of the Hernici (Diod. Sic. 20,80), whose leaders were executed in 303; a third of F.'s territory was confiscated (Liv. 10,1,3) and F. was reduced to a …

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Tribus | | Coloniae | Coloniae | Regio, regiones (modern Atri). At first Hatria, later H., town 7 km west of the Adriatic coast in the south of Picenum ( regio V) between the Vomanus (modern Vomano; Sil. Pun. 8,438) and the Matrinus (modern Piomba). Founded by the Siculi and Liburni, c…

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[German version] Mons amoenus (‘a delightful mountain’) in the territory of the Sabines, mentioned by Hor. Carm. 1,17 as close to his villa near Digentia (Licenza), possibly Monte Gennaro, which is visible from Rome. Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography A. De Angelis, …

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