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[German version] (δισύπατος; dis(h)ýpatos). Middle-ranking administrator within the Byzantine bureaucracy, first recorded in 804 [1. 153*, 39]. The title of a dishypatus was given to judges and administrators. Of frequent occurrence from the 12th cent. on; after 1178 exclusively as a family name. Makris, Georgios (Bochum) Bibliography 1 G. Fatouros, Theodori Studitae epistulae, I, 1992. J. Bury, The Imperial Administrative System, 1911, 27 R. Guilland, Recherches sur les Institutions byzantines, II, 1967, 79-81 W. Seibt, Die byz. Bleisiegel in Österreich, I, 197…

[German version] Brief local chronicle, original version from the 10th cent. AD. Mainly concerned with Patras, it tells of the founding of Monemvasia (southeastern Peloponnese) as a retreat settlement, of the conquest of western and central Peloponnese by the Avars and Slavs, and finally of their subjugation from the east at the beginning of the 9th cent., which introduced a period of rehellenization. The author may be the learned bishop Arethas of Caesarea, who came from Patras. Makris, Georgios (Bochum) Bibliography Edition: I. Dujčev (ed.), Chronaca di Monemvasia, 1976. bibliogra…

[German version] (ἀλληλέγγυον; allēléngyon). Mutual liability ἀλληλεγγύη ( allēlengýē) of all taxpayers in a village community (e.g. transfer of fallow land with tax liabilities to be fulfilled by the neighbours) assured the Byzantine treasury of revenues in the 9th and 10th cents. However, owners of large estates were largely able to detach themselves from the community and also from liability. Emperor Romanus III abolished the allelengyon in 1028, not in the least because of ecclesiastical pressure. Makris, Georgios (Bochum) Bibliography M. Kaplan, Les hommes et la terre…

(ἀναγνώστης; anagnṓstēs). [German version] [1] see  Lector Makris, Georgios (Bochum) [German version] [2] Lector, member of the lower byzantine Clerus The anagnostes ( lector), in the Byzantine period, a member of the lower clergy, had the task of reading from biblical texts during the liturgy from the ambon: Julian, among others, before his rejection of Christianity, as well as the patriarch Iohannes VII. Grammaticus and Photius (both 9th cent.) in early years all had the status of an anagnostes. Makris, Georgios (Bochum) Bibliography J. Darrouzès, Recherches sur les ΟΦΦΙΚΙΑ …

[German version] (ἔκθεσις πίστεως; ékthesis písteōs). A decree of faith issued by Emperor Heraclius in AD 638, probably written by the Patriarch Sergius, with the objective of stopping the christological controversies (regarding the nature and energy of Christ). The Ekthesis pisteos forbade further discussion of the one- or two-energy theories and instead assumed two natures and one will of Christ. However, a reconciliation was not effected. Rather, it created the monotheletic doctrine ( Monotheletis…

[German version] Title of the collection of the entire Christian hagiographical corpus. 68 volumes ordered according to the calendar (1 Jan. - 10 Nov.), as well as several supplementary volumes, have been published in the Acta Sanctorum (AS) in Antwerp and Brussels since 1643. The term AS for genuine hagiographical sources ( Martyrs and  Saints' lives ) is derived from the title while praise oratory and sermons are included among homiletics. Acts of the Martyrs were initially written beginning in …

[German version] High ecclesiastical office, one of the five or six deacons responsible for the administration of the patriarchate of Constantinople. As an archivist and librarian, the C. was as a rule highly cultured; he had access to forbidden writings and administrated the library of the patriarchate, which was probably the most important collection of ancient Greek writings during the high Middle Ages. Georgios  Choiroboskos -- besides other 8th-10th cent. incumbents -- rendered outstanding services to the conservation of the cultural heritage of the ancient world. Makris, Ge…

[German version] Followers of a doctrine, taught by the half-legendary priest Bogumil (Greek ‘Theophilus’, ‘loved by God’ [1]), that spread through Bulgaria in the 10th cent. and later swept the whole of the Balkans. They totally rejected ritual and the church hierarchy and sought salvation in humility, continual prayer, abstinence and civil disobedience with respect to property and civil authority. Only gradually do they seem to have acquired dualistic attitudes and myths of creation. Emperor Ale…

[German version] The Middle Greek counterparts of the chronica minora of late antiquity offer hardly any possibility of distinguishing between an original breviarium, a summary of a more substantial historical work ( epitomḗ) and a short chronicle (e.g. [1]). No  annals in the strict sense of the word have come down to us from the Greek world. From the late Byzantine and post-Byzantine periods in particular, however, we have sequences of concise, precisely dated entries, the so-called Byzantine short chronicles. They contain i…

[German version] (ἀνθύπατος; anthýpatos). Translation of Latin proconsul or consularis, initially an official title of provincial governors, later of the heads of the civilian administration in military themes, and after the 9th cent. a high, non-purchasable court title without office. Makris, Georgios (Bochum) Bibliography R. Guilland, Recherches sur les institutions byzantines II, 1967, 68-79 R. J. Lilie, s. v. A., LMA 1, 702.

[German version] Sophist and rhetorician from the school of Gaza in the 1st half of the 6th cent.; pupil and successor of Procopius of Gaza. Two enkṓmia to bishop Marcianus (Or. 1 and 2 Foerster/Richtsteig) incorporate ekphráseis of two churches inaugurated by the bishop, together with their paintings. Thus C. is first to apply the tools of pagan rhetoric to Christian objects. He made two further eulogies to prominent individuals, dux Aratios and the archon Stephanus (Or. 3) as well as general Summos (Or. 4); two wedding addresses to his pupil Zacharias (Or. 5) as wel…

[German version] (ἀριθμός; arithmós). A middle Byzantine military technical term for basic military units (also called vigla, tagma and bandon   bandum ). In technical fiscal terms the arithmos was the officially fixed number of   paroikoi in imperial land grants. Makris, Georgios (Bochum) Bibliography T. Kolias, s. v. Heer, LMA 4, 2002-2004 G. Ostrogorsky, Quelques problèmes d'histoire de la paysannerie byzantine, 1956, 27-31.

[German version] (Ἐπαναγωγή; Epanagōgḗ). A law book in 40 titles promulgated under the Macedonian dynasty in the year AD 886 with the goal of invalidating the so-called  Ecloge, a codification of law enacted in the year 741 under the Isaurian emperors. In addition to civil and criminal provisions, it also contains state theoretical parts probably inspired by  Photius, which assume the patriarch to be of equal rank with the emperor. The work, whose original title is ‘Eisagōge’ (Εἰσαγωγή, ‘introduction’) [1. 12-14], instituted the Basilika, a large-scale codification based on the Corp…

[German version] (Ἀρέθας; Aréthas). Bibliophile commentator on classical MSS, editor of theological-exegetical writings, and polemicist. A. was born shortly after 850 in Patras, became a student of  Photius and was initially active as a scholar in Constantinople. Important MSS of the works of Plato (Bodl. Clark 39, Vatic. gr. 1, Paris. gr. 1807) and Aristotle (Vatic. Urb. 35) were produced by his editorial initiatives or at least copied on his commission. Other MSS were also transliterated from maj…

[German version] (τὸ βάνδον; tò bándon). Originally the description of the colours of small military units, bandum was used for the units themselves from the 6th cent. In the 10th cent., a bandum consisted of 50-100 heavily or 200-400 lightly armed soldiers. The bandum was commanded by a   comes ; five to seven banda formed a turma. The term remained in use until the 14th cent. Makris, Georgios (Bochum) Bibliography J. Haldon, Byzantine Praetorians, 1984, 172-173, 276-277 T. Kolias, s.v. Heer, LMA 4, 1989, 2002-2004.

[German version] The late ancient Latin version of the Apollonius romance [1] was translated into Italian in the 14th cent. Based on a Tuscan prose translation a free, rhymeless Greek reworking in 857 quinzaines (Διήγησις πολυπαθοῦς ᾿Απολλωνίου τοῦ Τύρου; Diḗgēsis polypathoûs Apollōníou toû Týrou [2]) was created; it emphasizes the Christian element adding pious, late medieval viewpoints. The Cretan Gabriel Akontianos produced another Greek version (Ριμάδα τοῦ ᾿Απολλωνίου τοῦ Τύρου; Rimáda toû Apollōníou toû Týrou) in 1894 quinzaines rhyming in couplets in the very la…

[German version] (δεσπότης; despótēs, Classical: ‘lord, master’). Byzantine term initially for God, Christ, the emperor and high clerics and nobles, despotes was from the 12th cent. onwards the highest title bestowed by the emperor in the Byzantine ranking system. In the late Byzantine period despótai ─ the sons-in-law, afterwards also the brothers and younger sons of the emperors ─ who did not have a right to the imperial title. Often they administered semi-autonomous parts of the empire (e.g. the Peloponnese or Morea); their insignia, c…

[English version] Hohes Kirchenamt, einer der fünf bzw. sechs Diakone, denen die Verwaltung des Patriarchats von Konstantinopel oblag. Als Archivar und Bibliothekar war der Ch. in der Regel hochgebildet, hatte Zugang zu verbotenen Schriften und verwaltete die wohl bedeutendste Sammlung ant. griech. Schriften des Hochmittelalters, die Patriarchatsbibliothek. Georgios Choiroboskos machte sich - neben anderen Amtsinhabern des 8.-10.Jh. - um die Überlieferung ant. Bildungsgutes verdient. Makris, Georgios (Bochum) Bibliography J. Darrouzès, Recherches sur les ΟΦΦΙΚΙΑ …

[English version] (ἀλληλέγγυον). Die gegenseitige Haftung, ἀλληλεγγύη sämtlicher Steuerzahler einer Dorfgemeinde (z. B. Übertragung von Brachland mit von den Nachbarn zu erfüllender Steuerverpflichtung) sicherte im 9. und 10. Jh. dem oström. Fiskus Einkünfte, wobei die Großgrundbesitzer sich weitgehend von der Gemeinschaft und somit von der Haftung lösen konnten. Nicht zuletzt unter dem Druck der Kirche hob im Jahr 1028 Kaiser Romanos III. das a. auf. Makris, Georgios (Bochum) Bibliography M. Kaplan, Les hommes et la terre à Byzance du vie aux xie siècle, 1992, 439  P. Lemerle,…

[English version] [1] s. Lector s. Lector Makris, Georgios (Bochum) [English version] [2] Lektor, Angehöriger des niederen byz. Klerus Der A. (Lektor), in byz. Zeit Angehöriger des niederen Klerus, hatte die Aufgabe, während der Liturgie vom Ambon aus biblische Texte vorzulesen. u. a. bekleideten Julian vor seiner Abwendung vom Christentum sowie die Patriarchen Johannes VII. Grammatikos und Photios (beide 9. Jh.) in jungen Jahren den Rang eines A. Makris, Georgios (Bochum) Bibliography J. Darrouzès, Recherches sur les ΟΦΦΙΚΙΑ de l'église byzantine, 1970, 87-91. 151.