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Missionary
(908 words)
[German Version] The term
missionary gained currency during European overseas expansion (Colonialism and mission), generally designating someone active in the organized attempt to convert a non-European ethnic group to Christianity. In contrast to passing on one's faith, considered the duty of all Christians, modern mission has always argued for a special “calling” of missionaries (by G…
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Religion Past and Present
Laymen's Foreign Missions Inquiry
(222 words)
[German Version] (1932). The so-called Laymen's Report comprises
Re-Thinking Missions: A Laymen's Inquiry after One Hundred Years, by a commission chaired by W. Hocking, and a seven-volume Supplementary Series, containing detailed reports from the P…
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Religion Past and Present
Norddeutsche Mission
(282 words)
[German Version] (known in West Africa as the “Bremen Mission”); working since 1847 among the Ewe, an ethnic group in what is now Ghana and Togo. By its 2001 constitution, the mission is a combination of churches with equal rights (Council for World Mission, 1977), including the Evangelical Presbyterian Church of Ghana, the Evangelical Presbyterian Church in Togo, together with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Oldenburg, the Evangelical Reformed Church in …
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Religion Past and Present
Tempels, Placide
(163 words)
[German Version] (Feb 18, 1906, Berlaar, Belgium – Oct 9, 1977, Hasselt, Belgium), influential, sometimes controversial Franciscan theologian in the Democratic Republic of Congo (Congo, Democratic Republic; 1933–1962) and founder of Jamaa. Tempels criticized the colonial mentality and traditional mission methods. By taking indigenous concepts such as “fertility” and “vital force” seriously (
Bantoe-Filosofie, 1945/1946, many trans.; ET:
Bantu Philosophy, 1959), he spa…
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Religion Past and Present
Mission, History of
(2,979 words)
[German Version] I. The Evolution of the Gospel in Human Cultures – II. Cultural and Social History of Missions – III. History of Mission, History of the Church, and History of the Reception of Christ
I. The Evolution of the Gospel in Human Cultures Theology first examined the decentralization or pluralization of Christianity in the context of missiology: the forms and criteria of what can be called Christian are shaped by history and culture. This holds true even for the notion (however conceived) of a unity or evolution of Christiani…
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Religion Past and Present
Agnosticism
(1,006 words)
[German Version] I. History of Religions – II. Philosophy of Religion – III. Practical Theology – IV. Missiology
I. History of Religions The term “agnosticism” originally referred to the impossibility of attaining certain metaphysical knowledge or, with reference to transcendent questions, to gain grounded judgments. The term stems from T.H. Huxley (1869; see also II). While for Huxley, agnosticism was epistemologically justified, the use of the term today is usually motivated in a variety of ways. The Sophist Protagoras of Abdera (
On the Gods, DK 80B4), who bases the uncertainty of knowledge concerning the gods not only epistemologically, but also on the brevity of life, provides a standard example of Western agnosticism. From the history of Indian reli…
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Religion Past and Present
People and Nationhood
(3,043 words)
[German Version]
I. Religious Studies
People and
nationhood are functional political terms that serve to define a collective entity and to incorporate it into a specific context (see III below). Only since the 18th century has it been possible to speak of a German nation as the active subject of its own history. The rupture of the church at the Reformation and the subsequent wars of religion in the 16th and 17th century long prevented the development of an inclusive political or religious identity. It …
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Religion Past and Present
