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[English Version] ibn al-Muqaffaʿ (10.Jh. n.Chr.), zuerst Sekretär (kātib) im äg. Staatsdienst in Kairo, dann Mönch und kopt.-orth. Bf. von al-Ašmūnain; Pionier und vielseitiger Vertreter der christl.-arab. Lit. in Ägypten. U.a. ist S. der Vf. einer »Konziliengesch.«, die gegen den melkitischen (Melkiten) Patriarchen Eutychius von Alexandrien gerichtet ist, sowie eines katechesenartigen »Buch der Darstellung« (Kitāb al-Īḍāḥ); beide Werke wurden später ins Äth. übers. S. ist auch sicherlich der Autor der anonym ü…

[English Version] Abū Qurra (um 750 – um 830), melkitisch-orth. (Melkiten) Theologe und Kirchenmann in Syrien und Palästina. Die herkömmliche Meinung, daß er anfangs Mönch im Sabas-Kloster in Jerusalem war, ist nach den jüngsten Untersuchungen (Lamoreaux) nicht mehr aufrechtzuerhalten; jedenfalls amtierte er zeitweilig als Bf. von Ḥarrān und reiste später als christl. Publizist und Prediger im Orient umher. Sein lit. Oeuvre ist in arab. und griech. Sprache überliefert; seine syr. Werke sind nicht …

[German Version] (Giwargis, Bishop of the Arabs; c. 640 – 724), from 687 bishop of the Arab nomadic tribes in Mesopotamia, was a Syrian-Orthodox (“monophysite”) ¶ scholar and churchman. George translated several writings of Aristotle into Syriac and commented on them ( Organon, An. pr., Cat.) and authored (also …

[German Version] (Saʿīd ibn al-Biṭrīq; 877–940), initially …

[German Version] (975, Nisibis – c. 1049, Nisibis), eastern Syrian (“Nestorian”; Nestorianism, Syria) scholar and cleric; his ecclesiastical life included time as a monk, a priest, a bishop, and ultimately, from 1008 till his death, as the metropolitan of Nisib…

[German Version] (died 1043 in Baghdad). The East Syrian Nestorian (Nestorianism) scholar Abū l-Farağ ʿAbdallāh ibn aṭ-Ṭaiyib was not only a trained physician but also a philosopher, theologian, and exegete. Of his Arabic writings, the following deserve particular mention: a compendium of canon law ( …

[German Version] (10th cent. ce), initially a secretary ( kātib) in the Egyptian civil service in Cairo, later a monk and Coptic Orthodox bishop of al-Ashmūnain; pioneer and versatile exponent of Christian Arabic literature in Egypt. His many works include a History of the Councils, directed against the Melkite patriarch Eutychius of Alexandria, and a catechetical Book of the Statement ( Kitāb al-Īḍāḥ); both works were later transl…

[German Version] Ibn al-ʿAssāl, family. Three brothers from the influential family of Aulād al-ʿAssāl played an important role in the Arabic literary renaissance of the Coptic Church in the 13th century. 1. Aṣ-Ṣafī Abū l Faḍāʾil ibn al-ʿAssāl (died c. 1265). Of aṣ-Ṣafī's works, the following deserve mention: liturgical homilies in rhymed prose ( sağʿ), an apologetic treatment of the doctrines of the Trinity and the Incarnation, and especially his Nomocanon, a compendium of canon law. 2. Al-Asʿad Abū l Farağ Hibatallāh ibn al-ʿAssāl. Among other works, Al-Asʿad prepared …

[German Version] (c. 750 – c. 830), Melkite-Orthodox theologian and churchman in Syria and Palestine. Recent studies (Lamoreaux) have shown that the traditional belief that he was initially a monk of Sabas Monastery in Jerusalem can no longer be supported. In any case, he served for a time as bishop of Ḥarrān and later traveled through the Levant as a Christian commentator and preacher. His literary oeuvre has survived in Arabic and Greek; his Syr…

[German Version] I. Christianity – II. Islam I. Christianity 1. Southern Arabia. It is impossible to tell when the gospel was first preached in southern Arabia; probably Arabs from the region came into contact with Christianity in the course of their commercial travels or else Christians arrived in southern Arabia. Jewish and Christian missionaries probably paved the way for Southern Arabian monotheism, attested in inscriptions dating from 378 …

[German Version] I. Concept, Presuppositions – II. Development – III. Middle Eastern Church History and Historiography – IV. Religious Education I. Concept, Presuppositions 1. Concept The concept of church history has not yet been studied sufficiently, but it is already clear that since antiquity extraordinarily different conceptions of Christian historiography have been in simultaneous competition over the interpretation of past, present, and future. Often the different methodological options have been and are expressed through differing conceptualities. “Church history” is only one of the possible terms for a structured Christian inte…

[German Version] I. General – II. Jewish Calendar – III. Christian Calendar – IV. Islamic Calendar – V. Liturgical Calendar I. General 1.…